El Green Belt Inglés: de la contención edilicia al valor del paisaje

El proceso de descentralización del territorio inglés tuvo dos consecuencias directas: las New Towns y los Green Belts. Las primeras distribuirán de manera equilibrada la población y los segundos dirigirán y limitarán el desarrollo edilicio. Durante la segunda mitad del siglo XX este proceso se consolida y con él la implantación del Green Belt. Su permanencia hasta nuestros días respalda su trascendencia dentro del planeamiento inglés, pero en dicho proceso también advierte una evolución: su figura ha sido objeto de una serie de revisiones y ajustes que estarán supeditados a la aparición de nuevos handicaps y a un cambio de patrón y discurso en lo que al entendimiento territorial se refiere. ¿Cuáles han sido estas circunstancias? ¿Cómo ha ido asumiendo ese nuevo escenario? ¿Cuál es el papel que el Green Belt ejerce en la ordenación de la Inglaterra actual? ¿Cuál podría ser en la futura?The decentralization process of the English territory had two direct consequences: the New Towns and Green Belts; the first ones shall distribute the population in a balanced way, the second ones shall lead and limit the urban development. During the second half of the twentieth century this process is consolidated and therefore, the implementation of the Green Belt. Its permanence until today confirms its importance within the English planning, but also notices an evolution in this process: its figure has been subject to a series of reviews and adjustments which shall be subordinated to the appearance of new handicaps and a change of pattern and trend regarding territorial planning. What have these circumstances been? How has it been assumed this new scenario? What is the role of the Green Belt in the current England planning? What could be in the future?Peer Reviewe

Pintores de Lisboa (séculos XVII e XVIII): a Irmandade de S. Lucas

O presente livro Pintores de Lisboa do século XVII e XVIII – a Irmandade de S. Lucas trata do universo de artistas que laborou nesta cidade e que se dedicou à arte da pintura e à prática do debuxo . Desde pintores nascidos e formados nas principais oficinas da capital até estrangeiros que estanciaram ou se fixaram no nosso país, atraídos pela oportunidade de trabalhar para a Coroa portuguesa, detentora de um vasto Império, todos satisfizeram encomendas para a clientela lisboeta, ávida pelo consumo de obras de arte. Em comum, artistas nacionais e estrangeiros tiveram a devoção ao Santo Patrono, o Evangelista S. Lucas, cuja confraria instituída no antigo Mosteiro da Anunciada regulou, por quase dois séculos, a actividade de pintores de cavalete, de brutescos, de dourado, de quadratura, de azulejo, de iluminura e dos demais ofícios relacionados com a arte do desenho. As fontes documentais subjacentes à realização deste livro encontram-se à guarda da Academia Nacional de Belas-Artes, que já tinham conhecido uma primeira publicação em 1931, de autoria do Coronel Garcez Teixeira. Considerando que tal obra apresentava apenas extractos da informação contida nesse fundo documental, tornava-se imperiosa a publicação da história da Irmandade ainda inédita, numa versão mais completa e alargada, no ano em que a Academia Nacional de Belas-Artes completa 180 anos de existência.IHA-FCSH/NOVA; Academia Nacional de Belas-ArtesEste trabalho é fnanciado por Fundos Nacionais através da FCT – Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia no âmbito do Projecto Estratégico. UID/PAM/00417/2013info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

La Infraestructura Verde como alternativa ante la expansión urbana en Santiago de Chile

[EN] The urban expansionist perspective that governs the Modification of the Metropolitan Regulatory Plan of Santiago de Chile (MPRMS-100), and the absence of an integral management of natural and cultural landscape components, is threatening the integrity of the existing ecological matrix. Given this, the concept of Green Infrastructure is presented as a planning tool, capable of addressing land management aspects, from the spatial to the multifunctional that can reconcile urban growth, social prosperity and environmental protection. In that sense, the article aims to define, from the postulates of Landscape Ecology, the elements for the implementation of a primary Green Infrastructure system in San Bernardo, a peripheral commune of the Metropolitan Region of Santiago. This locality faces important challenges in the future urban context as it concentrates almost 40% of the land proposed to be urbanized by the Plan.[ES] La perspectiva expansionista que rige la Modificación del Plan Regulador Metropolitano de Santiago de Chile (MPRMS-100), y la ausencia de una gestión integral de los componentes paisajísticos de valor natural y cultural, está amenazando la integridad de la matriz ecológica existente. Ante esto, la Infraestructura Verde se presenta como una herramienta de planificación capaz de abordar los aspectos ligados a la gestión del suelo, desde lo espacial a lo multifuncional, que puede reconciliar el crecimiento urbano, bienestar social y protección ambiental. En ese sentido, el artículo tiene como objetivo definir, a partir de los postulados de la Ecología del Paisaje, los elementos para la implementación de un sistema primario de Infraestructura Verde en San Bernardo, una comuna periférica de la Región Metropolitana de Santiago. Esta localidad enfrenta importantes desafíos en el contexto urbano futuro ya que concentra el 40% del suelo urbanizable propuesto por el Plan. Lopez Varela, S.; Granados Ortiz, S. (2020). Green Infrastructure as an alternative facing urban expansion in Santiago de Chile. EN BLANCO. Revista de Arquitectura. 12(28):94-105. https://doi.org/10.4995/eb.2020.13017OJS941051228Alves d'Acampora, Bárbara Heliodora. "La conectividad ecológica en los paisajes de manglares de la región metropolitana de Florianópolis, costa Sur de Brasil." PhD diss., Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 2018.Astorkiza, Inmaculada y Ana María Ferrero. "Expansión urbana y sostenibilidad: Una dicotomía difícil de conciliar." Revista española de control externo 40 (2012): 47-78.Benedict, Mark A. and McMahon, Edward T. Green Infrastructure. Linking Landscapes and Communities. Washington: Island Press, 2006.BID. Banco Interamericano de Desarrollo. "Sostenibilidad Urbana en América Latina y el Caribe." accessed September 21, 2019. https://publications.iadb.org/es/publicacion/16383/sostenibilidad-urbana-en-america-latina-y-el-caribe.Bresciani, Luis. "Planificar la ciudad desde su espacio natural: Brotes verdes de la planificación urbana." In Cerros Isla de Santiago: Construyendo un nuevo imaginario de ciudad a partir de su geografía, 56-75. Santiago de Chile: Fundación Cerros Isla, 2018.Burel, Francoise and Baudry, Jacques. Ecología del paisaje. Conceptos, métodos y aplicaciones. Madrid: Editorial Mundi Prensa, 2001.CEA. Center for Environmental Studies. "The Urban Green Infrastructure of Vitoria-Gasteiz. "accessed September 15, 2019. www.vitoria-gasteiz.org.Centro de Políticas Públicas UC. "Desafíos en la accesibilidad a áreas verdes en la ciudad y vías de solución, en el marco de la Ley de Aportes al espacio público." accessed October 2, 2019. https://politicaspublicas.uc.cl/.De Block, Greet. "Carefully radical or radically careful. Ecology as design motif." In Revising Green Infrastructure: Concepts Between Nature and Design, 29-47. Londres: Editorial CRC Press, 2014.De la Barrera, Francisco, Pamela Bachmann-Vargas and Antonio Tironi. "Ecosystem services research in Chile: a systematic review." Investigaciones Geográficas 50 (2015): 3-18. https://doi.org/10.5354/0719-5370.2015.41171De Mattos, Carlos, Luis Fuentes and Felipe Link. "Tendencias recientes del crecimiento metropolitano en Santiago de Chile. ¿Hacia una nueva geografía urbana?" Revista INVI 29, no 91 (2014): 193-219. https://doi.org/10.4067/S0718-83582014000200006EEA. European Environment Agency. "Green infrastructure and territorial cohesion- The concept of green infrastructure and its integration into policies using monitoring systems." accessed September 25, 2019. https://www.eea.europa.eu/publications/green-infrastructure-and-territorial-cohesion.European Union. "Building a green infrastructure for Europe. Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Union." accessed January 9, 2019. http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/ecosystems/docs/GI-Brochure-210x210-ES-web.pdf.Feria, José María and Jesús Santiago-Ramos. "Funciones ecológicas del espacio libre y planificación territorial en ámbitos metropolitanos: perspectivas teóricas y experiencias recientes en el contexto español." Scripta Nova. Revista electrónica de Geografía y Ciencias Sociales 299, no. XII (2009).Fernández, Ignacio. "Los Cerros Islas como Hábitats de Fauna y Generadores de Servicios Ambientales para la Ciudad de Santiago de Chile." Revista Conservación Ambiental 1 (2011): 9-15.GLA. Greater London Authority. "Green infrastructure and open environments: the All London Green Grid." accessed November 4, 2019. https://www.london.gov.uk/whatwe-do/environment/parks-green-spaces-and-biodiversity/all-london-green-gridGobierno Regional Metropolitano de Santiago. "Política Regional de Áreas Verdes." accessed December 12 , 2019. https://www.gobiernosantiago.cl/wp-content/uploads/2014/doc/estrategia/Politica_Regional_de_Areas_Verdes,_2014.pdfHansen Rieke and Pauleit, Stephan. "From multifunctionality to multiple ecosystem services? A Conceptual framework for multifunctionality in green infrastructure planning for urban areas." Ambio 43, no. 4 (2014): 516-529. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13280-014-0510-2INE. Statistics National Institute. Censo Nacional de Población y de Vivienda. Chile. 2017INE. Statistics National Institute. "Sistema de Indicadores y Estándares del Desarrollo Urbano (SIEDU)." accessed January 6, 2020. http://siedu.ine.cl/index.html.López Varela, Susana. "El Green Belt en Inglaterra: de la contención edilicia al valor del paisaje." PhD diss., Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, 2013.LUC. Land Use Consultants. "Green Infrastructure Guidance." accessed October 21, 2019. http://publications.naturalengland.org.uk/publication/35033.Mallarach, Josep Maria and Joan Marull. "La Conectividad Ecológica en la planificación y la evaluación estratégica: aplicaciones en el área metropolitana de Barcelona." Ciudad y territorio: Estudios Territoriales 147 (2006): 41-60.MEA. Millenium Ecosystem Assessment. Ecosystem and Human Well-being: Current State and Trends. Washington: Island Press, 2005.Mell, Ian C.. "Can green infrastructure promote urban sustainability?" Engineering Sustainability 162 (2009): 23-34. https://doi.org/10.1680/ensu.2009.162.1.23Ministry of Interior and Public Safety. "Diario Oficial de la República de Chile, Nº 42.479, CVE 1668799. Jueves 17 de octubre." accessed January 6, 2020. https://www.diariooficial.interior.gob.cl/publicaciones/2019/10/17/42479/01/1668799.pdf.MMA. Ministerio del Medio Ambiente. "Resumen diagnóstico ambiental. Recursos hídricos en la Región Metropolitana de Santiago." accessed October 15, 2019. http://metadatos.mma.gob.cl/sinia/articles-39509_pdf_agua.pdf.Montaner, Josep Maria. "El modelo Curitiba: movilidad y espacios verdes." Ecología Política 17 (1999): 69-71.Montoya-Tangarife, Claudia, Francisco De La Barrera, Alejandro Salazar and Luis Inostroza. "Monitoring the effects of land cover change on the supply of ecosystem services in an urban region: A study of Santiago- Valparaíso, Chile." PLoS ONE 12, no. 11 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0188117MPRMS-100. Modification number 100 to the Santiago Metropolitan Regulatory Plan. November 2013.ODEPA. Oficina de Estudios y Políticas Agrarias. "Impacto de la expansión urbana sobre el sector agrícola en la Región Metropolitana de Santiago." Accessed December 7, 2019. https://www.odepa.gob.cl/publicaciones/documentos-einformes/estudio-impacto-de-la-expansion-urbana-sobre-el-sector-agricola-en-laregion-metropolitana-de-santiagoOlivares, Elisabet. "Plan de Espacios Abiertos e Infraestructura Ecológica en Lima. Una apuesta por el territorio en una ciudad fragmentada." Planur-e 10 (2017).PRC San Bernardo. Communal Regulatory Plan of San Bernardo and the locality of Lo Herrera. Local ordinance, May 2006.PRMS. Santiago Metropolitan Regulatory Plan. Ordinance, October 2007.Regional Metropolitan Government of Santiago. "Green Areas Regional Policy." accessed December 12 , 2019. https://www.gobiernosantiago.cl/wp-content/uploads/2014/doc/estrategia/Politica_Regional_de_Areas_Verdes,_2014.pdf.Reyes, Sonia e Isabel Margarita Figueroa. "Distribución, superficie y accesibilidad de las áreas verdes en Santiago de Chile." EURE, Revista de Estudios Urbanos Regionales 109 (2010): 89-110. https://doi.org/10.4067/S0250-71612010000300004Riedel, Tomás. Aprobación PRMS-100; análisis y alcances. Santiago de Chile: Cámara Chilena de la Construcción, CCHC, 2014.Rojas, Carolina, Joan Pino and Edilia Jaque. "Strategic Environmental Assessment in Latin America: A methodological proposal for urban planning in the Metropolitan Area of Concepción (Chile)." Land Use Policy 30, no. 1 (2013): 519-527. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2012.04.018Romero Aravena, Hugo and Alexis Vásquez. "Evaluación ambiental del proceso de urbanización de las cuencas del piedemonte andino de Santiago de Chile." EURE, Revista de Estudios Urbano Regionales 94 (2005): 97-118. https://doi.org/10.4067/S0250-71612005009400006Romero Aravena, Hugo, Claudio Fuentes and Pamela Smith. "Ecología política de los riesgos naturales y de la contaminación ambiental en Santiago de Chile: necesidad de justicia ambiental." Scripta Nova. Revista electrónica de Geografía y Ciencias Sociales 331 (2010).SEREX. External Sevices UC. "Análisis y Diagnóstico Plan Regional de Desarrollo Urbano Región Metropolitana, Informe Etapa 4." accessed October 4, 2019. https://www.minvu.cl/Thomas, Kevin and Steve Littlewood. "From Green Belts to Green Infrastructure? The Evolution of a New Concept in the Emerging Soft Governance of Spatial Strategies." Planning Practice and Research, 25, no. 2 (2010): 203-22. https://doi.org/10.1080/02697451003740213Valdés, Paula and Foulkes, María Dora. "La infraestructura verde y su papel en el desarrollo regional. Aplicación a los ejes recreativos y culturales de resistencia y su área metropolitana." Cuaderno urbano. Espacio, cultura, sociedad 20, no. 20 (2016): 45-70. https://doi.org/10.30972/crn.2020942Vásquez, Alexis. "Infraestructura verde, servicios ecosistémicos y sus aportes para enfrentar el cambio climático en ciudades: el caso del corredor ribereño del río Mapocho en Santiago de Chile." Revista de geografía Norte Grande 63 (2016): 65. https://doi.org/10.4067/S0718-34022016000100005United Nations. "New Urban Agenda. Habitat III Conference." accessed January 8, 2020. http://habitat3.org/wp-content/uploads/NUA-Spanish.pdfUnited Nations. "2018 Revision of world urbanization prospects." accessed January 6, 2020. https://population.un.org/wup

Two research avenues for future mate-choice copying studies: a comment on Davies et al

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The architectural culture of the Eurasian Mediterranean region: a testimony of satisfactory design for urban infrastructures (May 2014)

The purpose of this paper is to expose the importance of observing cultural systems present in a territory as a reference for the design of urban infrastructures in the new cities and regions of rapid development. If we accept the idea that architecture is an instrument or cultural system developed by man to act as an intermediary to the environment, it is necessary to understand the elemental interaction between man and his environment to meet a satisfactory design.To illustrate this purpose, we present the case of the Eurasian Mediterranean region, where the architectural culture acts as a cultural system of adaptation to the environment and it is formed by an ancient process of selection. From simple observation of architectural types, construction systems and environmental mechanisms treasured in mediterranean historical heritage we can extract crucial information about this elemental interaction.Mediterranean architectural culture has environmental mechanisms responding to the needs of basics habitability, ethnics and passive conditioning. These mechanisms can be basis of an innovative design without compromising the diversity and lifestyles of human groups in the region. The main fundament of our investigation is the determination of the historical heritage of domestic architecture as holder of the formation process of these mechanisms.The result allows us to affirm that the successful introduction of new urban infrastructures in an area need a reliable reference and it must be a cultural system that entailing in essence the environmental conditioning of human existence. The urban infrastructures must be sustainable, understood and accepted by the inhabitants. The last condition is more important when the urban infrastructures are implemented in areas that are developing rapidly or when there is no architectural culture

Social learning by mate‐choice copying increases dispersal and reduces local adaptation

In heterogeneous environments, dispersal may be hampered not only by direct costs, but also because immigrants may be locally maladapted. While maladaptation affects both sexes, this cost may be modulated in females if they express mate preferences that are either adaptive or maladaptive in the new local population. Dispersal costs under local adaptation may be mitigated if it is possible to switch to expressing traits of locally adapted residents. In a sexual selection context, immigrant females may learn to mate with locally favoured males. Mate‐choice copying is a type of social learning, where individuals, usually females, update their mating preferences after observing others mate. If it allows immigrant females to switch from maladapted to locally adapted preferences, their dispersal costs are mitigated as mate choice helps them create locally adapted offspring. To study if copying can promote the evolution of dispersal, we created an individual‐based model to simulate the coevolution of four traits: copying, dispersal, a trait relevant for local adaptation, and female preference. We contrast two scenarios with copying—either unconditional or conditional such that only dispersers copy—with a control scenario that lacks any copying. We show copying to lead to higher dispersal, especially if copying is conditionally expressed. This leads to an increase in gene flow between patches and, consequently, a decrease in local adaptation and trait‐preference correlations. While our study is phrased with female preference as the learned trait, one may generally expect social learning to mitigate dispersal costs, with consequent feedback effects on the spatial dynamics of adaptation.info:eu-repo/semantics/acceptedVersio

El Green Belt en Inglaterra : de la contención edilicia al valor del paisaje

The change relates to territorial understanding in the 90s , has caused that suburban open spaces, where daily millions of people are living, begin to play an important role in urban policies of many cities and metropolitan areas. Although the development of experiences whit an important revaluation of these spaces , for example Oslo, Hamburg or Vitoria, the indifferent attitude of politicians and urban planers about the urban periphery, has meant thal those areas near downtowns, are not areas of opportunity, but areas of uncertainty. However, the English territorial scenario could be defined as an unusual case. The implementation and permanence of the Green Belt in urban planning, it is a unique case. Originally it was conceived as an agricultural belt that would control the growth of English cities after World War II. So the periphery has been protected against housing development, keeping a balanced percentage of rural and urban land around the cities. Such circumstance gives many and beneficial added values to surrounding areas. The integration of nature and city, improving the connection between different open spaces, promoting formal and informal recreational activities for people, making a better accessibility to Countryside, protecting the agrarian land, acting as a green lung for the city, have a common objective: to improve the quality of life to 20mill people. Therefore the suburban areas in English cities, are in a privileged position in order to add value to open spaces , mainly to Green Belt as a high and important prototype regarding other experiences. This singularity of the English Green Belt is the most interested and valuable, not only as an exclusive urban legacy, but an opportunity to approach the English territory in the future. The physical and temporary analysis from his origin, it will be helpful in order to formalize his permanence and certificate his evolution. But, is this evolution according to present day situation? Analyzing the London Green Belt position and behavior in new circumstances; it will be the way to understand the current situation. This case of study is origin and reality of an idea becoming a fact. It is the cornerstone in the consolidation process and the pioneer in every change of the Green Belt. The understanding of this case of study will open a discussion line which affects many current experiences and focusing in one question: Would be the English Green Belt able to tackle with current requests? The house demand, sustainability patterns, the suburban agriculture aclivity as urban-territorial strategy, the suburban multifunctionality, the sectorial management to improve the environment protection and regeneration, and the Green Infrastructure as new model to global interpretation of open spaces; these points become the lines of work to clarify the Green Belt roll in the city's future

um ‘descomodo’ para a vizinhança?

UIDB/00417/2020 UIDP/00417/2020História do Palácio dos Condes de Redondo a Santa Marta e a estadia de D. Catarina de Bragança.publishersversionpublishe