A análise de redes sociais no mundo lusófono: contributos para o conhecimento de uma comunidade científica em desenvolvimento

Neste artigo visamos caraterizar um conjunto de investigadores da área das ciências sociais que se distinguem pela utilização da análise de redes sociais (ars) como perspetiva teórico-metodológica e que circunscrevemos à partilha da língua portuguesa. A partir da caraterização sociográfica e da medição do sistema de interdependências entre estes investigadores (colaboração, aconselhamento e coautoria) pretendemos contribuir para a compreensão do desenvolvimento da ars no mundo lusófono, esboçando hipóteses explicativas dos fatores inibidores e estimulantes do seu desenvolvimento neste contexto linguístico

Fire safety self-protection measures of Regional Conservatory from Castelo Branco.

As medidas de autoproteção são disposições de organização e gestão da segurança, que têm como objetivo incrementar a segurança de pessoas e dos edifícios/recintos face ao risco de incêndio. Estas medidas incluem no seu conjunto procedimentos de prevenção, preparação e resposta face a um cenário de incêndio. Aplicam-se a todos os edifícios e recintos, incluindo os existentes, de acordo com o estipulado no artigo 22.º do Decreto-Lei n.º 220/2008, de 12 de novembro (regime jurídico da segurança contra incêndio em edifícios). Estas medidas são determinadas em função da utilização-tipo e da respetiva categoria de risco. As medidas de autoproteção são atualmente um instrumento preventivo e de gestão operacional que sistematizam um determinado conjunto de procedimentos estabelecidos com o objetivo de reduzir a probabilidade de ocorrência de incêndio, de limitar o desenvolvimento de eventuais incêndios, de facilitar a evacuação e salvamento dos ocupantes em risco e ainda de permitir a intervenção eficaz e segura dos meios de socorro. O presente trabalho consiste na verificação das medidas de autoproteção do Conservatório Regional de Castelo Branco localizado em zona histórica. A localização do edifício, os antecedentes históricos e os processos construtivos que o caracterizam, são fatores que constituem um risco acrescido na resposta a situações de emergência por parte dos utilizadores que usufruem das instalações e serviços. Para que as medidas de autoproteção possam ser implementadas é necessário o levantamento de várias condicionantes dos edifícios, tendo sempre em consideração a utilização-tipo dos edifícios/recintos, assim com a categoria de risco. O Conservatório Regional de Castelo Branco, estando dotado dos meios necessários de combate ao incêndio, nomeadamente o sistema automático de detecção de incêndios, deve também implementar as medidas de autoproteção.Abstract The self-protection mesures are organizational arrangements and safety management, which aim to increase the safety of people and buildings/grounds against to the fire risk. These rules include a whole procedure of prevention, preparedness and response against to fire scenario. They apply to all buildings and grounds, including the existing, according to the article 22º of Decree-Law n.º 220/2008 of 12 November (Legal Regime of Fire Safety in Buildings). These rules are determined according to the use-type and the respective risk category. The self-protection mesures are currently a preventive and operational management tool that systematize a set of procedures established in order to reduce the probability of fire, limit the development of certain fire, to facilitate the evacuation and rescue of occupants in risk and still allow effective and safe intervention of rescue resources. This study is the evaluation of the self-protection mesures of the Conservatório Regional de Castelo Branco located in historic area. The building location, the historical background and the construction processes that characterize it, are factors that constitute an increased risk in response to emergencies, by the users who enjoy the facilities and services. As self-protection mesures can be implement, it is necessary to do building conditions assessment, taking into account the use-type buildings/grounds, as well as the risk category. The Conservatório Regional de Castelo Branco, is being provided with adequate equipment of fire fighting, mainly the automatic fire detection system, must also implement the self-protection rules.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Crescimento foliar em Xylopia aromatica (Lam) Mart. (Annonaceae): implicações sobre a palatabilidade para lagartas de Stenoma scitiorella Walker 1864 (Lepidoptera: Elachistidae)

Variations in specific foliar mass and water content, nitrogen, soluble carbohydrates and tannins were studied during the growth and maturation processes of the Xylopia aromatica leaves, to determine the effects of such alterations on the herbivory of Stenoma scitiorella caterpillars. This work was carried out in the physiognomy of the typical cerrado of the Parque Estadual de Vassununga, Gleba Pé-de Gigante, Santa Rita do Passa Quatro, São Paulo State, Brazil. While nutritional quality (water and nitrogen) decreases during expansion and maturation of Xylopia aromatica leaves, the chemical (tannins) and physical (sclerophylly) defenses are raised. In agreement with the observations on herbivory, the results support the hypothesis that the reduction in palatability and increase in chemical defenses of Xylopia aromatica leaves account for the caterpillars' preference for young expanding leaves.Com o objetivo de avaliar os efeitos do crescimento e do amadurecimento de folhas de Xylopia aromatica sob o ataque de lagartas de Stenoma scitiorella, foram estudados a variação da área, massa foliar específica, bem como os teores de água, nitrogênio, hidratos de carbono e taninos durante estes processos. O trabalho foi desenvolvido numa fisionomia de cerrado stricto sensu na Gleba Pé-de-Gigante do Parque Estadual de Vassununga, localizado no município de Santa Rita do Passa Quatro, Estado de São Paulo, Brasil. A expansão e o amadurecimento das folhas de Xylopia aromatica resultaram na redução da qualidade nutricional e no aumento de defesas químicas e físicas. Concordando com as observações realizadas sobre a herbivoria, os resultados permitem supor que a redução na palatabilidade das folhas pode explicar a preferência das lagartas por folhas jovens ainda no início do processo de expansão.Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP

Induced resistance during the interaction pathogen x plant and the use of resistance inducers

Plants react to aggressions through different defence responses. Mechanical barriers consist in the increase of production and deposition of substances capable of containing pathogen invasion. Chemical barriers consist in the increase of concentration or activity of defence proteins and synthesis of phenolic compounds and phytoalexins. Elicitor substances have been widely used in plant disease control showing impressive results and a low impact to the environment and man. This review contains information about plant defence mechanisms and shows the use of inducers of resistance in the control of pathogens and prospects of advance towards sustainable agriculture

Estudo acústico de /a/ acentuado na fala bracarense

Linguistic studies (Barbosa, 1965 and 1994; Gonçalves, 2008; Martinet, 1985) suggest that the spoken speech in the north of mainland Portugal shows a particular phonetic variation characterized by the dominance of the variant [a] in all contexts in which the vowel occurs in stressed and open syllable. In view of this theoretical assumption, this paper reports the results of an acoustic study aimed at examining the phonetic realizations of vowel /a/ and identify which of the variants ([a] or [ɐ]) characterizes the speech of the city of Braga. To test the hypothesis on the predominant occurrence of the open vowel ([a]) in this city, the realizations of the target vowel (/a/) adjacent to nasal and oral consonants were acoustically analyzed in terms of the spectral quality by measuring the frequencies of the first two formants (F1 and F2). Furthermore, given that level of education is likely to be a determining factor in the phonetic realization of vowel /a/ (Rodrigues, 2003; Votre, 2004), we analyzed the speech production of two groups of informants with different levels of education (basic education and higher education). Our results show that in Braga’s speech the production of vowel [a] tends to occur in all studied contexts and that level of education had no effect on the productions of /a/ since the two groups of informants with different levels of schooling tended to show similar formant configurations in the production of [a] and [ɐ]. Finally, our results suggest that the phonetic variant that characterizes Braga’s speech is in fact the open vowel [a]

Syntactic awareness: probable correlations with central coherence and non-verbal intelligence in autism

OBJETIVO: Avaliar consciência sintática, coerência central, inteligência não-verbal, desenvolvimento social e da comunicação, comportamentos e interesses de crianças no espectro autístico e verificar suas prováveis correlações. MÉTODOS: Participaram dez sujeitos diagnosticados dentro do espectro autístico, que utilizavam linguagem oral para a comunicação, sendo oito do gênero masculino e dois do gênero feminino, com idades entre 4 anos e 9 meses e 13 anos e 4 meses (média de idade de 9 anos). Foram utilizadas as provas de: Consciência Sintática (Adaptada); Quebra-cabeça computadorizados com figura e fundo e somente com fundo; e Matrizes Progressivas Coloridas de Raven - Escala Especial. Os pais dos sujeitos responderam ao protocolo Autism Diagnostic Interview - Revised (ADI-R). RESULTADOS: As crianças com autismo apresentaram desempenho em consciência sintática similar ao de crianças de desenvolvimento típico com 6 anos de idade. Do total, 60% das crianças apresentaram nível de inteligência não-verbal médio ou superior. Não houve correlações entre os desempenhos em consciência sintática e as outras variáveis testadas. CONCLUSÃO: Não houve relação entre o desempenho em consciência sintática e os resultados referentes a coerência central, inteligência não-verbal, falhas na interação social, dificuldades de comunicação e padrões restritos de interesses dos sujeitos com autismo. Os resultados fornecem indicações de que essas crianças parecem acompanhar o padrão de desenvolvimento em consciência sintática das crianças de desenvolvimento típico de 6 anos de idade, porém com atraso.PURPOSE: To evaluate syntactic awareness, central coherence, non-verbal intelligence, social and communication development, interests and behavior of children with autistic spectrum disorders and to examine their probable correlations. METHODS: Participants were ten subjects diagnosed with autistic spectrum disorder, eight male and two female, with ages between 4 years e 9 months and 13 years and 4 months (mean age 9 years), who used oral language for communication. The following tests were used: Syntactic Awareness Test - Adapted (Prova de Consciência Sintática - Adaptada), Computerized jigsaw puzzles with picture and background and only with background; and Raven's Coloured Progressive Matrices - Special Scale. Subjects' parents answered the protocol Autism Diagnostic Interview - Revised (ADI-R). RESULTS: The children with autism presented syntactic awareness performance similar to that of 6-year-old children with typical development. Sixty percent of the subjects showed non-verbal intelligence at a superior or average level. There were no correlations between the performances in syntactic awareness and the other tested variables. CONCLUSION: There was no relationship between the performance in syntactic awareness and the results related to central coherence, non-verbal intelligence and social interaction deficits, difficulties in communication and restrict patterns interests of subjects with autism. The results suggest that these children seem to follow the development pattern of typically developing 6-year-old children in syntactic awareness abilities, only delayed

Flower-visiting insects of five tree species in a restored area of semideciduous seasonal forest

The reinstatement of biodiversity and ecological processes must be the major goal in restoration projects, which requires the establishment of biological interactions in addition to native plant population recovery. Therefore, we assessed the flower visitors of five tree species in a restored area of Semideciduous Seasonal Forest, in Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil. The specimens were collected using entomological net on flowers of Acacia polyphylla, Aegiphila sellowianna, Croton floribundus, Croton urucurana and Schinus terebinthifolius from October 2007 to September 2008. A total of 139 insect species belonging to five orders were collected. Hymenoptera was the most diverse order collected. From a total of 37 families, Vespidae (15 species), Cabronidae (12), Apidae (10), Halictidae (10), Syrphidae (12), Tachinidae (6) and Hesperidae (7) were the richest ones. Schinus terebinthifolius flowers presented the most abundant and diverse insect visitors (60), suggesting it is an important attractive species to the fauna in restoration programs. Our data suggest that mutualistic interactions between some of these plants and their flower-visiting insects may be in a reinstatement process, and will support the design and monitoring of future restoration efforts

Biology and molecular characterization of necroviruses

Three necroviruses, family Tombusviridae, are known to infect Olea europaea L., Olive latent virus 1 (OLV-1), Olive mild mosaic virus (OMMV) and Tobacco necrosis virus D (TNV-D), often asymptomatically. OLV-1 has a wide geographical distribution whereas that of OMMVand TNV-D is not known as their discovery is recent, dating from 2005 and 2009, respectively. OMMV has received special attention because of its origin, likely to have resulted from a recombination event between TNV-D, with which it shares a coat protein (CP) amino acid identity of 86% and OLV-1 sharing an RNA-dependent RNA polymerase amino acid identity of 91%. Due to these properties OMMV and TNV-D are indistinguishable by serology or Reverse Transcription – Polymerase Chain Reaction assays that use primers hybridizing in the CP gene region, rendering ambiguous earlier TNV-D identifications based on such tests. OLV-1 and OMMV are transmitted through the soil to roots of host plants in the absence of any vectors but the transmission rate of OMMV increases to more than double in the presence of Olpidium brassicae zoospores that vector this virus in an in vitro manner. A point mutation leading to an amino acid substitution located in an inner region of the virion is responsible for the loss of biologically assisted transmission, probably by altering the particle conformation rendering the binding site inaccessible to the zoospore receptors. The field occurrences of necrovirus multiple infections are common and increase the chances for recombination events, the epidemiological implications of which are still uncertain. The biological and molecular properties of the necroviruses identified in olive trees are the main focus of this review