Worldwide trends in underweight and obesity from 1990 to 2022: a pooled analysis of 3663 population-representative studies with 222 million children, adolescents, and adults

Background Underweight and obesity are associated with adverse health outcomes throughout the life course. We estimated the individual and combined prevalence of underweight or thinness and obesity, and their changes, from 1990 to 2022 for adults and school-aged children and adolescents in 200 countries and territories. Methods We used data from 3663 population-based studies with 222 million participants that measured height and weight in representative samples of the general population. We used a Bayesian hierarchical model to estimate trends in the prevalence of different BMI categories, separately for adults (age ≥20 years) and school-aged children and adolescents (age 5–19 years), from 1990 to 2022 for 200 countries and territories. For adults, we report the individual and combined prevalence of underweight (BMI <18·5 kg/m2) and obesity (BMI ≥30 kg/m2). For schoolaged children and adolescents, we report thinness (BMI <2 SD below the median of the WHO growth reference) and obesity (BMI >2 SD above the median). Findings From 1990 to 2022, the combined prevalence of underweight and obesity in adults decreased in 11 countries (6%) for women and 17 (9%) for men with a posterior probability of at least 0·80 that the observed changes were true decreases. The combined prevalence increased in 162 countries (81%) for women and 140 countries (70%) for men with a posterior probability of at least 0·80. In 2022, the combined prevalence of underweight and obesity was highest in island nations in the Caribbean and Polynesia and Micronesia, and countries in the Middle East and north Africa. Obesity prevalence was higher than underweight with posterior probability of at least 0·80 in 177 countries (89%) for women and 145 (73%) for men in 2022, whereas the converse was true in 16 countries (8%) for women, and 39 (20%) for men. From 1990 to 2022, the combined prevalence of thinness and obesity decreased among girls in five countries (3%) and among boys in 15 countries (8%) with a posterior probability of at least 0·80, and increased among girls in 140 countries (70%) and boys in 137 countries (69%) with a posterior probability of at least 0·80. The countries with highest combined prevalence of thinness and obesity in school-aged children and adolescents in 2022 were in Polynesia and Micronesia and the Caribbean for both sexes, and Chile and Qatar for boys. Combined prevalence was also high in some countries in south Asia, such as India and Pakistan, where thinness remained prevalent despite having declined. In 2022, obesity in school-aged children and adolescents was more prevalent than thinness with a posterior probability of at least 0·80 among girls in 133 countries (67%) and boys in 125 countries (63%), whereas the converse was true in 35 countries (18%) and 42 countries (21%), respectively. In almost all countries for both adults and school-aged children and adolescents, the increases in double burden were driven by increases in obesity, and decreases in double burden by declining underweight or thinness. Interpretation The combined burden of underweight and obesity has increased in most countries, driven by an increase in obesity, while underweight and thinness remain prevalent in south Asia and parts of Africa. A healthy nutrition transition that enhances access to nutritious foods is needed to address the remaining burden of underweight while curbing and reversing the increase in obesit

Variabilidade espacial de plantas daninhas em dois sistemas de manejo de solo Spatial variability of weeds in two soil management systems

Estudos sobre a distribuição espacial das plantas daninhas são importantes no contexto agronômico e ambiental. O objetivo deste trabalho foi descrever a distribuição espacial de plantas daninhas em dois sistemas de manejo de solo. O estudo foi realizado em um Latossolo Vermelho distroférrico, em Campo Mourão, PR, utilizado em sistema de plantio direto (PD) e preparo convencional do solo (PC). Estabeleceu-se uma malha referenciada em coordenadas x e y, totalizando 128 pontos amostrais. Avaliou-se a biomassa da parte aérea das plantas, a densidade de plantas, a densidade de Commelina benghalensis e a densidade de Bidens pilosa. Os dados foram submetidos à análise exploratória e à análise variográfica. A variabilidade espacial foi estudada através da geoestatística, mediante a análise de semivariogramas, interpolação por krigagem e construção de mapas de isolinhas. O alcance das variáveis biomassa e densidade de B. pilosa é maior no PD que no PC; para a variável densidade de plantas, o alcance é maior no PC. A distribuição espacial descrita por técnicas geoestatísticas, mostra seu potencial no mapeamento de plantas daninhas o que permite estratégias de manejo localizado e o estabelecimento de critérios para experimentos futuros.<br>Studies of spatial distribution of weeds are important in the agronomic and environmental context. The objective of this research was to describe the spatial distribution of weeds in two soil management systems. This study was accomplished in a Distroferric Red Latosol (Oxisol), located in Campo Mourão, Parana State, Brazil, in no-tillage (NT) and conventional tillage of soil (CT). A grid was established in coordinated x and y, with 128 sampling points. The studied variables were biomass of shoot weeds, density of weeds, Commelina benghalensis density and Bidens pilosa density. Exploratory data analysis was used to evaluate distribution of variables as well as to adapt them for the spatial analysis. The spatial variability was studied using geostatistics by analysis of semivariograms, kriging interpolation and constructions of maps. The ranges of biomass and density of Bidens pilosa, were larger in NT than in the CT. For plant density range was larger in the PC. The spatial distribution described by geostatistics allowed weed mapping and its site specific management and the establishment of criteria for future experiments

Variabilidade e correlação espacial de propriedades físicas de solo sob plantio direto e preparo convencional Variability and correlation among physical properties of an oxisol under no-till and conventional tillage

Os sistemas de manejo do solo influenciam a distribuição espacial das propriedades físicas do solo. Os objetivos deste estudo foram verificar a dependência e a correlação espacial de algumas propriedades físicas do solo por meio do ajuste de dados aos semivariogramas simples e cruzados num Latossolo Vermelho distroférrico, sob plantio direto e preparo convencional, no município de Campo Mourão, Estado do Paraná. Em abril de 2004, realizou-se a amostragem de solo e retiraram-se 128 amostras de solo indeformadas, em malha de 3,0 x 5,0 m, no terço médio da camada de 0-0,15 m de profundidade. Foram determinadas as seguintes propriedades físicas do solo: densidade do solo, macroporosidade, microporosidade, porosidade total, e o conteúdo de água do solo na tensão de 100 hPa ou equivalente à capacidade de campo. Essas propriedades físicas do solo apresentaram semivariogramas simples com maior variabilidade espacial e menor alcance no plantio direto do que no preparo convencional. Contrariamente, os semivariogramas cruzados entre a densidade do solo com a porosidade total ou a capacidade de campo mostraram correlação espacial com menor variabilidade espacial e maior alcance no plantio direto, comparado ao preparo convencional. Os semivariogramas cruzados evidenciaram que a densidade do solo determinou as correlações espaciais com as outras propriedades físicas nos dois sistemas de manejo do solo.<br>Soil management systems modify the spatial distribution of soil physical properties. The objectives of this study were to verify the spatial dependency and co-relationship of some soil physical properties by data fitting to individual and cross-semivariograms in an Oxisol (Typic Haplorthox) under no-till and conventional tillage, in Campo Mourão, state of Parana, Brazil. In April 2004, 128 undisturbed soil samples were collected in a 3 x 5 m grid, in the middle of the 5-0.15 m layer. The following soil physical properties were measured: soil bulk density, macroporosity, microporosity, total soil porosity and soil water content at a tension of 100 hPa (field capacity). The spatial variability in the single semivariogram of these soil physical properties was higher and the range in no-tillage was smaller than in conventional tillage. On the other hand, the cross-semivariogram of soil bulk density and total porosity or field capacity indicated spatial co-relationships with lower spatial variability and higher ranges in no-tillage than conventionally tilled soils. The cross-semivariogram suggested that soil bulk density showed a spatial co-relationships with the other soil physical properties in both soil management systems studied

Diminishing benefits of urban living for children and adolescents’ growth and development

Optimal growth and development in childhood and adolescence is crucial for lifelong health and well-being1–6. Here we used data from 2,325 population-based studies, with measurements of height and weight from 71 million participants, to report the height and body-mass index (BMI) of children and adolescents aged 5–19 years on the basis of rural and urban place of residence in 200 countries and territories from 1990 to 2020. In 1990, children and adolescents residing in cities were taller than their rural counterparts in all but a few high-income countries. By 2020, the urban height advantage became smaller in most countries, and in many high-income western countries it reversed into a small urban-based disadvantage. The exception was for boys in most countries in sub-Saharan Africa and in some countries in Oceania, south Asia and the region of central Asia, Middle East and north Africa. In these countries, successive cohorts of boys from rural places either did not gain height or possibly became shorter, and hence fell further behind their urban peers. The difference between the age-standardized mean BMI of children in urban and rural areas was <1.1 kg m–2 in the vast majority of countries. Within this small range, BMI increased slightly more in cities than in rural areas, except in south Asia, sub-Saharan Africa and some countries in central and eastern Europe. Our results show that in much of the world, the growth and developmental advantages of living in cities have diminished in the twenty-first century, whereas in much of sub-Saharan Africa they have amplified

Worldwide trends in underweight and obesity from 1990 to 2022: a pooled analysis of 3663 population-representative studies with 222 million children, adolescents, and adults

Background: Underweight and obesity are associated with adverse health outcomes throughout the life course. We estimated the individual and combined prevalence of underweight or thinness and obesity, and their changes, from 1990 to 2022 for adults and school-aged children and adolescents in 200 countries and territories. Methods: We used data from 3663 population-based studies with 222 million participants that measured height and weight in representative samples of the general population. We used a Bayesian hierarchical model to estimate trends in the prevalence of different BMI categories, separately for adults (age ≥20 years) and school-aged children and adolescents (age 5-19 years), from 1990 to 2022 for 200 countries and territories. For adults, we report the individual and combined prevalence of underweight (BMI &lt;18·5 kg/m2) and obesity (BMI ≥30 kg/m2). For school-aged children and adolescents, we report thinness (BMI &lt;2 SD below the median of the WHO growth reference) and obesity (BMI &gt;2 SD above the median). Findings: From 1990 to 2022, the combined prevalence of underweight and obesity in adults decreased in 11 countries (6%) for women and 17 (9%) for men with a posterior probability of at least 0·80 that the observed changes were true decreases. The combined prevalence increased in 162 countries (81%) for women and 140 countries (70%) for men with a posterior probability of at least 0·80. In 2022, the combined prevalence of underweight and obesity was highest in island nations in the Caribbean and Polynesia and Micronesia, and countries in the Middle East and north Africa. Obesity prevalence was higher than underweight with posterior probability of at least 0·80 in 177 countries (89%) for women and 145 (73%) for men in 2022, whereas the converse was true in 16 countries (8%) for women, and 39 (20%) for men. From 1990 to 2022, the combined prevalence of thinness and obesity decreased among girls in five countries (3%) and among boys in 15 countries (8%) with a posterior probability of at least 0·80, and increased among girls in 140 countries (70%) and boys in 137 countries (69%) with a posterior probability of at least 0·80. The countries with highest combined prevalence of thinness and obesity in school-aged children and adolescents in 2022 were in Polynesia and Micronesia and the Caribbean for both sexes, and Chile and Qatar for boys. Combined prevalence was also high in some countries in south Asia, such as India and Pakistan, where thinness remained prevalent despite having declined. In 2022, obesity in school-aged children and adolescents was more prevalent than thinness with a posterior probability of at least 0·80 among girls in 133 countries (67%) and boys in 125 countries (63%), whereas the converse was true in 35 countries (18%) and 42 countries (21%), respectively. In almost all countries for both adults and school-aged children and adolescents, the increases in double burden were driven by increases in obesity, and decreases in double burden by declining underweight or thinness. Interpretation: The combined burden of underweight and obesity has increased in most countries, driven by an increase in obesity, while underweight and thinness remain prevalent in south Asia and parts of Africa. A healthy nutrition transition that enhances access to nutritious foods is needed to address the remaining burden of underweight while curbing and reversing the increase in obesity. Funding: UK Medical Research Council, UK Research and Innovation (Research England), UK Research and Innovation (Innovate UK), and European Union