Estrategia Nacional para la Conservación de Plantas (ENCP) en Colombia: análisis de la producción bibliográfica en el período 1993-2013

To conserve biodiversity, the conjunct construction of knowledge and information by the variety of groups of actors involved is fundamental. An analysis of the bibliographic production in Colombia between 1993 and 2013 in the framework of the Estrategia Nacional para la Conservación de Plantas (National Strategy for Plant Conservation-NSPC-) is presented here. A database of publications was constructed for these 20 years through consultation using keywords related to each one of the 16 targets established by the NSPC. For the analysis, publications were classified according to the target of the NSPC to which they mostly contribute, type of publication, natural geographic area, publishing institution and human groups involved. We recorded 1,805 publications, including books, articles in indexed journals, theses, reports, and booklets. Target 1 of the NSPC related to inventories and floristic lists presented the highest number of records whereas targets 2, 5, 10, and 11, which are related to the conservation status of plants, important areas for plant conservation, invasive species, and international trafficking of species presented the lowest number of publications. 60 % of the publications were concentrated in the Andean region, and the Orinoquia and Caribbean regions had the lowest representation. Based on these results, a set of recommendations are presented to face the most challenging issues related to achieving NSPC targets.La construcción colaborativa de conocimiento e información por parte de los diferentes grupos de actores involucrados es una acción fundamental para la conservación de la biodiversidad. Este trabajo presenta un análisis de la producción bibliográfica en Colombia para el período de 1993 -2013 en el marco de la Estrategia Nacional para la Conservación de Plantas (ENCP). Con este fin, se consolidó una base de datos de publicaciones para estos 20 años mediante la búsqueda en fuentes bibliográficas a partir de palabras claves relacionadas con cada una de las 16 metas planteadas en la ENCP. Las publicaciones se clasificaron para el análisis según la meta de la ENCP a la que principalmente contribuyen, el tipo de publicación, la región geográfica, las instituciones editoras y los grupos humanos involucrados.Se registraron un total de 1805 publicaciones entre las que se encuentraron libros, artículos de revistas indexadas, tesis, informes y cartillas. La meta 1 de la ENCP relacionada con inventarios y listados florísticos tuvo la mayor cantidad de registros, mientras que las metas 2, 5, 10 y 11 relacionadas con el estado de conservación de la flora, las áreas de importancia para la conservación de plantas, especies invasoras y el tráfico internacional de especies tuvieron el menor número de publicaciones. La región Andina tuvo la mayor contribución de registros equivalente a un 60 % del total, las regiones Orinoquia y Caribe tuvieron los menores porcentajes. A partir de estos resultados se presentó una serie de recomendaciones sobre las temáticas que requieren mayores esfuerzos para asegurar el cumplimiento de las metas planteadas en la ENCP

Matriz de desarrollo y evaluación de la narrativa transmedia (engagement)

La narrativa transmedia, el storytelling, y el uso de herramientas de análisis o evaluación permite que las compañías puedan tener un control y evaluación sobre el contenido desarrollado, efectividad e interacción o engagement que se tiene con los seguidores. El engagement es una de estas herramientas pues ayuda a identificar si el contenido que se está manejando en las diferentes plataformas está logrando su objetivo que es enganchar a sus seguidores generando un vínculo entre el público y la marca o producto. Es necesario conocer los resultados de las estrategias implementadas hasta el momento puesto que el desarrollo de la estrategia resulta ser económico en comparación a los demás. Actualmente se habla mucho de la narrativa trasmedia pero no se ha diseñado un modelo para que sea implementada esta estrategia, o una matriz que evalué la primera etapa de desarrollo de la narrativa como estrategia. Aunque en la actualidad existes programas o software que evalúan el rendimiento de las redes sociales u otras plataformas estas son llamadas métricas, estas métricas indican el crecimiento y desarrollo de esta estrategia permitiendo conocer la efectividad y el engagement que se ha logrado hasta el momento.PregradoMercadeo y PublicidadMercadeo y Publicida

Análisis de instrumentos legales y de política relativos al ordenamiento territorial pertinentes para la caracterización de humedales en Colombia

Este producto es producido en el marco del convenio 005 (13-014) entre el Instituto Humboldt y el Fondo Adaptación, en este documento se presenta una aproximación al análisis de los instrumentos legales y de política relativos a la gestión integral de los humedales. En ese sentido, constituye un aporte para la formulación o revisión de políticas, planes y demás acciones administrativas sobre el tema. Se advierte, además, que el análisis que se realiza es de carácter formal, sin indagar por la forma en que los aspectos de la gestión se llevan a cabo en la realidad. Tampoco es el examen exhaustivo al que está obligado el Estado colombiano, en su calidad de parte de la Convención Ramsar, sobre las leyes e instituciones para promover la conservación y el uso racional de los humedales.BogotáSubdirección de Servicios Científicos y Proyectos Especiale

Geographic patterns of tree dispersal modes in Amazonia and their ecological correlates

Unidad de excelencia María de Maeztu CEX2019-000940-MAim: To investigate the geographic patterns and ecological correlates in the geographic distribution of the most common tree dispersal modes in Amazonia (endozoochory, synzoochory, anemochory and hydrochory). We examined if the proportional abundance of these dispersal modes could be explained by the availability of dispersal agents (disperser-availability hypothesis) and/or the availability of resources for constructing zoochorous fruits (resource-availability hypothesis). Time period: Tree-inventory plots established between 1934 and 2019. Major taxa studied: Trees with a diameter at breast height (DBH) ≥ 9.55 cm. Location: Amazonia, here defined as the lowland rain forests of the Amazon River basin and the Guiana Shield. Methods: We assigned dispersal modes to a total of 5433 species and morphospecies within 1877 tree-inventory plots across terra-firme, seasonally flooded, and permanently flooded forests. We investigated geographic patterns in the proportional abundance of dispersal modes. We performed an abundance-weighted mean pairwise distance (MPD) test and fit generalized linear models (GLMs) to explain the geographic distribution of dispersal modes. Results: Anemochory was significantly, positively associated with mean annual wind speed, and hydrochory was significantly higher in flooded forests. Dispersal modes did not consistently show significant associations with the availability of resources for constructing zoochorous fruits. A lower dissimilarity in dispersal modes, resulting from a higher dominance of endozoochory, occurred in terra-firme forests (excluding podzols) compared to flooded forests. Main conclusions: The disperser-availability hypothesis was well supported for abiotic dispersal modes (anemochory and hydrochory). The availability of resources for constructing zoochorous fruits seems an unlikely explanation for the distribution of dispersal modes in Amazonia. The association between frugivores and the proportional abundance of zoochory requires further research, as tree recruitment not only depends on dispersal vectors but also on conditions that favour or limit seedling recruitment across forest types

Local hydrological conditions influence tree diversity and composition across the Amazon basin

Tree diversity and composition in Amazonia are known to be strongly determined by the water supplied by precipitation. Nevertheless, within the same climatic regime, water availability is modulated by local topography and soil characteristics (hereafter referred to as local hydrological conditions), varying from saturated and poorly drained to well-drained and potentially dry areas. While these conditions may be expected to influence species distribution, the impacts of local hydrological conditions on tree diversity and composition remain poorly understood at the whole Amazon basin scale. Using a dataset of 443 1-ha non-flooded forest plots distributed across the basin, we investigate how local hydrological conditions influence 1) tree alpha diversity, 2) the community-weighted wood density mean (CWM-wd) – a proxy for hydraulic resistance and 3) tree species composition. We find that the effect of local hydrological conditions on tree diversity depends on climate, being more evident in wetter forests, where diversity increases towards locations with well-drained soils. CWM-wd increased towards better drained soils in Southern and Western Amazonia. Tree species composition changed along local soil hydrological gradients in Central-Eastern, Western and Southern Amazonia, and those changes were correlated with changes in the mean wood density of plots. Our results suggest that local hydrological gradients filter species, influencing the diversity and composition of Amazonian forests. Overall, this study shows that the effect of local hydrological conditions is pervasive, extending over wide Amazonian regions, and reinforces the importance of accounting for local topography and hydrology to better understand the likely response and resilience of forests to increased frequency of extreme climate events and rising temperatures

Geographic patterns of tree dispersal modes in Amazonia and their ecological correlates

Aim: To investigate the geographic patterns and ecological correlates in the geographic distribution of the most common tree dispersal modes in Amazonia (endozoochory, synzoochory, anemochory and hydrochory). We examined if the proportional abundance of these dispersal modes could be explained by the availability of dispersal agents (disperser-availability hypothesis) and/or the availability of resources for constructing zoochorous fruits (resource-availability hypothesis). Time period: Tree-inventory plots established between 1934 and 2019. Major taxa studied: Trees with a diameter at breast height (DBH) ≥ 9.55 cm. Location: Amazonia, here defined as the lowland rain forests of the Amazon River basin and the Guiana Shield. Methods: We assigned dispersal modes to a total of 5433 species and morphospecies within 1877 tree-inventory plots across terra-firme, seasonally flooded, and permanently flooded forests. We investigated geographic patterns in the proportional abundance of dispersal modes. We performed an abundance-weighted mean pairwise distance (MPD) test and fit generalized linear models (GLMs) to explain the geographic distribution of dispersal modes. Results: Anemochory was significantly, positively associated with mean annual wind speed, and hydrochory was significantly higher in flooded forests. Dispersal modes did not consistently show significant associations with the availability of resources for constructing zoochorous fruits. A lower dissimilarity in dispersal modes, resulting from a higher dominance of endozoochory, occurred in terra-firme forests (excluding podzols) compared to flooded forests. Main conclusions: The disperser-availability hypothesis was well supported for abiotic dispersal modes (anemochory and hydrochory). The availability of resources for constructing zoochorous fruits seems an unlikely explanation for the distribution of dispersal modes in Amazonia. The association between frugivores and the proportional abundance of zoochory requires further research, as tree recruitment not only depends on dispersal vectors but also on conditions that favour or limit seedling recruitment across forest types

Geography and ecology shape the phylogenetic composition of Amazonian tree communities

Aim: Amazonia hosts more tree species from numerous evolutionary lineages, both young and ancient, than any other biogeographic region. Previous studies have shown that tree lineages colonized multiple edaphic environments and dispersed widely across Amazonia, leading to a hypothesis, which we test, that lineages should not be strongly associated with either geographic regions or edaphic forest types. Location: Amazonia. Taxon: Angiosperms (Magnoliids; Monocots; Eudicots). Methods: Data for the abundance of 5082 tree species in 1989 plots were combined with a mega-phylogeny. We applied evolutionary ordination to assess how phylogenetic composition varies across Amazonia. We used variation partitioning and Moran\u27s eigenvector maps (MEM) to test and quantify the separate and joint contributions of spatial and environmental variables to explain the phylogenetic composition of plots. We tested the indicator value of lineages for geographic regions and edaphic forest types and mapped associations onto the phylogeny. Results: In the terra firme and várzea forest types, the phylogenetic composition varies by geographic region, but the igapó and white-sand forest types retain a unique evolutionary signature regardless of region. Overall, we find that soil chemistry, climate and topography explain 24% of the variation in phylogenetic composition, with 79% of that variation being spatially structured (R$^{2}$ = 19% overall for combined spatial/environmental effects). The phylogenetic composition also shows substantial spatial patterns not related to the environmental variables we quantified (R$^{2}$ = 28%). A greater number of lineages were significant indicators of geographic regions than forest types. Main Conclusion: Numerous tree lineages, including some ancient ones (>66 Ma), show strong associations with geographic regions and edaphic forest types of Amazonia. This shows that specialization in specific edaphic environments has played a long-standing role in the evolutionary assembly of Amazonian forests. Furthermore, many lineages, even those that have dispersed across Amazonia, dominate within a specific region, likely because of phylogenetically conserved niches for environmental conditions that are prevalent within regions

Mapping density, diversity and species-richness of the Amazon tree flora

Using 2.046 botanically-inventoried tree plots across the largest tropical forest on Earth, we mapped tree species-diversity and tree species-richness at 0.1-degree resolution, and investigated drivers for diversity and richness. Using only location, stratified by forest type, as predictor, our spatial model, to the best of our knowledge, provides the most accurate map of tree diversity in Amazonia to date, explaining approximately 70% of the tree diversity and species-richness. Large soil-forest combinations determine a significant percentage of the variation in tree species-richness and tree alpha-diversity in Amazonian forest-plots. We suggest that the size and fragmentation of these systems drive their large-scale diversity patterns and hence local diversity. A model not using location but cumulative water deficit, tree density, and temperature seasonality explains 47% of the tree species-richness in the terra-firme forest in Amazonia. Over large areas across Amazonia, residuals of this relationship are small and poorly spatially structured, suggesting that much of the residual variation may be local. The Guyana Shield area has consistently negative residuals, showing that this area has lower tree species-richness than expected by our models. We provide extensive plot meta-data, including tree density, tree alpha-diversity and tree species-richness results and gridded maps at 0.1-degree resolution

Consistent patterns of common species across tropical tree communities

Trees structure the Earth’s most biodiverse ecosystem, tropical forests. The vast number of tree species presents a formidable challenge to understanding these forests, including their response to environmental change, as very little is known about most tropical tree species. A focus on the common species may circumvent this challenge. Here we investigate abundance patterns of common tree species using inventory data on 1,003,805 trees with trunk diameters of at least 10 cm across 1,568 locations1,2,3,4,5,6 in closed-canopy, structurally intact old-growth tropical forests in Africa, Amazonia and Southeast Asia. We estimate that 2.2%, 2.2% and 2.3% of species comprise 50% of the tropical trees in these regions, respectively. Extrapolating across all closed-canopy tropical forests, we estimate that just 1,053 species comprise half of Earth’s 800 billion tropical trees with trunk diameters of at least 10 cm. Despite differing biogeographic, climatic and anthropogenic histories7, we find notably consistent patterns of common species and species abundance distributions across the continents. This suggests that fundamental mechanisms of tree community assembly may apply to all tropical forests. Resampling analyses show that the most common species are likely to belong to a manageable list of known species, enabling targeted efforts to understand their ecology. Although they do not detract from the importance of rare species, our results open new opportunities to understand the world’s most diverse forests, including modelling their response to environmental change, by focusing on the common species that constitute the majority of their trees.Publisher PDFPeer reviewe

Colombian consensus recommendations for diagnosis, management and treatment of the infection by SARS-COV-2/ COVID-19 in health care facilities - Recommendations from expert´s group based and informed on evidence

La Asociación Colombiana de Infectología (ACIN) y el Instituto de Evaluación de Nuevas Tecnologías de la Salud (IETS) conformó un grupo de trabajo para desarrollar recomendaciones informadas y basadas en evidencia, por consenso de expertos para la atención, diagnóstico y manejo de casos de Covid 19. Estas guías son dirigidas al personal de salud y buscar dar recomendaciones en los ámbitos de la atención en salud de los casos de Covid-19, en el contexto nacional de Colombia