Dialect formation in fragmented populations of the endangered North Island kokako (Callaeas wilsoni)

The role of behavioural ecology in the conservation of species and biodiversity remains poorly understood. Observational and experimental studies of bird song, using a biogeographic approach, provide an opportunity to address this issue. Here I test hypotheses on the emergence and divergence of song cultures related to historical as well as more recent population fragmentation events. The North Island kōkako (Callaeas wilsoni) is a duetting songbird endemic to New Zealand that was once widespread but, due to habitat loss and introduced predators, has become endangered. These birds are sedentary and monogamous with poor flying abilities. Therefore, all of the c. 1500 surviving individuals are marooned in 13 scattered surviving populations and 11 translocated populations. The historical fragmentation of populations, the kōkako’s territorial nature and capacity to learn songs, and the establishment of new populations through translocation make this species a good candidate for studies on the emergence of song cultures, social divergence and landscape effects on conservation from a behavioural perspective. Song sharing and comparisons of acoustic characteristics were used to reconstruct associations of song traditions and acoustic traits at both macrogeographic and microgeographic levels in the six largest surviving populations of kōkako (Chapter 2 and 3). Distinct song cultures or dialects were discovered in all populations examined. However, patterns of vocal similarity observed were not correlated with historical fragmentation patterns or linear geographical distance (Chapter 2). Instead, rapid vocal drift following fragmentation and isolation as well as founder effects linked to population contraction may explain current macrogeographic song variation (Chapter 3). Nevertheless, a fragmentation effect on song similarity, generating song repertoire divergence, was observed at a microgeographic scale within discontinuous populations (Chapter 2). In addition, juvenile dispersal across portions of tenuously connected habitat, which have strikingly different song cultures, suggests that kōkako learn songs after dispersal (Chapter 2). Post-dispersal learning may explain the lack of consistency between dialect membership and genetic relatedness among surviving populations. Dialect formation may occur as different cultural trajectories are forged by fragmentation and isolation; subsequent song convergence may then occur due to social selection or chance events. The effects of population size on song attributes, repertoires and sharing, vocal versatility and syntactical structure were examined within the six largest natural populations, as well as two translocated populations of kōkako (Chapter 3). Repertoire size, song diversity and the predictability of syntactical structure were positively correlated with population size. Song traditions and the rate of cultural evolution may depend on social interaction and population size, as the neutral model of song microevolution predicts. Smaller populations of kōkako, with reduced social stability under relaxed selection pressures, may resemble small colonizing groups undergoing founder effects and vocal drift leading to loose syntax, consistent with the ‘withdrawal of learning’ hypothesis. Furthermore, social modulation of vocal behaviour and song traditions are discussed in the context of reproductive success and adaptation to differing social conditions as in the case of translocation events (Chapter 3). Recently isolated translocated populations exhibit remarkable acoustic divergence and reduced song sharing with the corresponding source population (Chapter 4). Translocated populations showed relatively low song diversity and increased song sharing as well as acoustically distinct song features. To investigate how meaningful this vocal divergence was for individuals in source and translocated populations, a reciprocal playback experiment was performed to examine vocal and approach responses to simulated local and non-local intruders. Responses to simulated intruders differed among populations but there was little evidence of discrimination based on stimulus type. The degree of song divergence (i.e., repertoire and acoustic features) and vocal response to playback relative to the source population was greater in an older translocated population than a more recently translocated population (Chapter 4). Consistent with the consequences of founder effects and vocal drift, these results demonstrate that kōkako populations vocally diverge in isolation following the establishment of a population with a vocal subset and subsequently a different cultural trajectory (in accordance with the ‘withdrawal of learning’ hypothesis). Cultural erosion in small translocated populations may affect their viability as reduced vocal virtuosity can be associated with a reduced capacity for territory defense and mate attraction, and consequently low reproductive success. Song divergence can ultimately have important implications for our understanding of the evolution of animal societies and our ability to conserve animal populations

Nefritis del shunt

Shunt nephritis is a rare complication associated with the use of atrialventricular shunts and their chronic infection. The microorganisms that cause the infection are generally of low virulence, but they can produce long term infections that permit the production of immune complex that deposit in the kidneys leading to nephritis. Because of this we want to describe the case of an adolescent patient with hydrocephalus, as a consequence of meningitis in the childhood, and chronic use of atrialventricular shunts. She presented fever and child for a long time, these symptoms were secondary to infection of the device, and shunt nephritis was also present.La nefritis por shunt es una complicación poco frecuente que se asocia al uso de derivaciones ventriculoatriales y su infección crónica. Las bacterias que la producen, por lo general, son de baja virulencia, pero producen infección prolongada y persistente permitiendo así la producción de inmunocomplejos que se depositan a nivel renal. Queremos describir un caso de una adolescente con hidrocefalia posterior a un evento de meningitis, con uso de derivación ventrículoatrial quien ingresa con un cuadro de fiebre y escalofrío de larga evolución, en la cual se documentó infección del dispositivo y nefritis por shunt

El cartel político soviético, una especificidad

The author of the article, (extracted from his doctorate thesis in History), suggests to us an original approach of the Soviet propaganda poster. They are characteristic products of Russian culture, rooted in icons and popular pictorial traditions such as the Lubok. The art of the poster is also part of a specific artistic training, a branch of the National Fine Arts and Architecture Academy. A lot of them are really works of art, but they mainly serve to the diffusion of ideology. And their originality is precisely located in what the author calls consubstantiality, using a religious word to define this immutable mixture of art and ideology which characterizes the Soviet poster. This would explain their current attraction, the passion of collectors and the continuous attention of the Russian state upon them. The posters analyzed, (a collection of more than 3500 pieces), mainly belong to three centers situated in Moscow: the Museum of the Russian Armed Forces, the Lenin National Library and the Center of National Russian Archives of Literature and Art (RGALI).El autor del artículo, (extracto de su tesis de doctorado de Historia), propone un acercamiento específico al afiche de propaganda soviética. Son productos característicos de la cultura rusa, inspirados en los íconos y las tradiciones pictóricas rusas como el “lubok”. El arte del cartel será también parte de una formación artística específica, ramo de la Academia de Bellas Artes. La mayoría de ellos son obras de arte, pero tienen como esencia la difusión de la ideología. Y su originalidad está justamente en lo que el autor califica como consubstancialidad, usando una palabra del campo religioso para definir esta mezcla inalterable artística y política que caracteriza el cartel soviético. Eso podría explicar su atracción actual, la pasión de algunos coleccionistas y el permanente cuidado que observa el Estado ruso hacia ellos. Los afiches analizados (un corpus de más de 3500 piezas) pertenecen principalmente a tres centros ubicados en Moscú: el Museo de las Fuerzas Armadas rusas, la Biblioteca Nacional, llamada Lenin y el Centro de Archivo Nacional ruso de literatura y arte ([Archivo de Literatura y Arte del Estado de Rusia] RGALI)

Evaluación ergonómica del procesamiento del caucho natural en plantaciones y pequeñas empresas

(Eng) This exploratory study used OWAS (Ovako Working Posture Analysing System) to analyze the working postures of natural rubber tappers and rubber industry workers. A community of natural rubber farmers of Tarazá and five small companies of Medellín and Itagüí, all of them allocated in Antioquia-Colombia, participated in this study. Processes were analyzed in-situ and videotapes of activities were recorded for carrying out a movement study. For an overall distribution of trunk postures, OWAS identified that a bent and twisted trunk posture which fell into action category 4, was the major poor posture for rubber tappers and rubber industry workers. This study also identified that latex tapping, latex collection, mixing in two roll mills and metallic molds operation were the four activities in which the major working posture risks were observed. It was found that reduction of posture risks in natural rubber production chain requires designing and implementing plans considering organizational culture, socio-economic and sociodemographic factors of natural rubber farmers and small rubber manufacturing industries, besides the use of some useful tools that reduce the handling of heavy loads(Spa) Este trabajo presenta un estudio exploratorio que usa la metodología OWAS (Ovako Working Posture Analysing System, por sus siglas en inglés) para analizar las posturas de heveicultores y operarios de la industria del caucho durante sus actividades laborales. El estudio se realizó en pequeñas plantaciones de una asociación de cultivadores de caucho en Tarazá, y en cinco pequeñas empresas de Medellín e Itagüí, en Antioquia-Colombia. Se analizaron los procesos in-situ, tomando registros mediante videos para posteriormente efectuar un análisis de los movimientos. Se encontró que los mayores riesgos ergonómicos para los heveicultores y los operarios de pequeñas y medianas industrias de caucho son la generación de trastornos musculoesqueléticos (TME) en la columna vertebral y la Back, con un nivel de riesgo 4. Se encontró también que el sangrado de los árboles, la recolección del látex, el mezclado en molino abierto de rodillos y la manipulación de moldes fueron las cuatro actividades en las cuales se presentan los principales riesgos de postura. Al final del trabajo se proponen recomendaciones para evaluar y reducir los riesgos de postura en pequeñas empresas de la cadena productiva del caucho natural. Se identificó que la reducción de los riesgos de postura in la cadena productiva del caucho natural requiere diseñar e implementar planes que consideren la cultura organizacional y factores socioeconómicos y sociodemográficos de los cultivadores de caucho natural y pequeñas industrias fabricantes de artículos en caucho, además de la utilización de algunas herramientas que reducen la manipulación de cargas pesadas

Integration of monopolar and bipolar electrodialysis for valorization of seawater reverse osmosis desalination brines: Production of strong acid and base

Water scarcity in the Mediterranean basin has been solved by using seawater desalination reverse osmosis technology (SWD-RO). This technology produces brine which is discharged back into the sea resulting in an environmental impact on marine ecosystems. Under the circular economy approach, the aim of this work is to recover resources from NaCl-rich brine (~60-70 g/L), e.g. in the form of NaOH and HCl, by integration of two ion exchange-based membrane technologies and quantify the electrical energy consumption. Electrodialysis (ED) incorporating monovalent selective cation exchange membranes as divalent ions purification and concentration of the NaCl present in the SWD-RO brine, was integrated with bipolar membrane ED (EDBM) to produce NaOH and HCl. Current densities of 0.30–0.40 kA/m2 at two temperature ranges simulating different seawater temperature regimes (15-18 ºC and 22-28ºC) were tested and a pure NaCl solution was used as starting concentrate stream. NaCl-rich brines with 100 or 200 gNaCl/L were obtained by ED and then introduced in the EDBM stack producing HCl and NaOH up to 2 M, depending on the initial concentrations. A minimum energy consumption of 1.7 kWh/kgNaOH was calculated when working by EDBM with initial concentrations of 104 g NaCl/L and 0.24 M HCl and NaOH.Peer ReviewedPostprint (author's final draft

Integrase strand transfer inhibitors : bases for its use in the clinical practice

Los inhibidores de transferencia de la cadena de integrasa (INSTI) son medicamentos cuyo mecanismo de acción consiste en bloquear el proceso de integración del ADN proviral al ADN del hospedero mediante la unión al sitio catalítico de la integrasa viral y de esta manera evitar su replicación. Actualmente se cuenta con la aprobación INSTI de primera y segunda generación, presentan similitud en su mecanismo de acción, cambios en su estructura que modifican su barrera genética, pero mantienen su perfil de seguridad y efectividad. Desde su aprobación en el año 2007, se han llevado a cabo múltiples estudios clínicos cuyos resultados han permitido avanzar en el conocimiento de su efectividad en diferentes escenarios clínicos; (pacientes naive, experimentados, esquemas de simplificación y profilaxis, así, como en el conocimiento de su perfil de mutaciones de resistencia).En el presente artículo se hizo una revisión de los miembros de esta familia de antirretrovirales (ARV).Q3Artículo original106-128Integrase strand transfer inhibitors (INSTI) are drugs whose mechanism of action consists of blocking the integration process of the proviral DNA to the host DNA by binding to the catalytic site of the viral integration and thus preventing its replication. Currently it has the approval of INSTI of first generation, two of second generation and in process of approval of a third of second generation. The two generations has similitude in its mechanisms of action, changes in its structures that modify its genetic barrier, but keeping his security and effectiveness profile. Since the approval of INSTI ́s in 2007 to date, multiple clinical studies have been carried out, whose results have allowed us to advance in the knowledge of their effectiveness in different clinical scenarios; (naive patients, experienced patients, simplification and prophylaxis schemes, as well as in the knowledge of their profile of resistance mutations). In the present article, we made a review of the mem-bers of this family of antiretrovirals (ARV)

Species differences in the songs of the critically endangered Niceforo\u27s Wren and the related Rufous-and-white Wren

Niceforo\u27s Wrens (Thryothorus nicefori) and Rufous-and-white Wrens (Thryothorus rufalbus) are closely related Neotropical birds. Niceforo\u27s Wrens, critically endangered endemic Colombian songbirds, are generally considered a sister species to Rufous-and-white Wrens, although some have suggested that they may represent a well-marked race. A careful comparison of the two taxa has never been conducted. Here we present a thorough study of the songs of male Niceforo\u27s and Rufous-and-white Wrens based on recordings collected throughout both species\u27 geographic ranges. Both species sing low-pitched songs composed of varied pure tone whistles. Niceforo\u27s Wren songs are shorter and simpler with fewer syllables and syllable types; they have higher frequency trills and terminal syllables; and they have distinctive terminal syllables with a broader bandwidth, higher frequency of maximum amplitude, and a larger number of frequency modulations. Discriminant analysis based on fine structural details of songs differentiates the two species. In a subspecies-level discriminant analysis, all five subspecies of Rufous-and-white Wren cluster together and are distinct from Niceforo\u27s Wren. Comparisons of morphometric measurements and plumage features reveal parallel differences in body size (Niceforo\u27s Wrens are larger for most measurements) and plumage color (Niceforo\u27s Wrens are more gray than Rufous-and-white Wrens). This study is the first to compare Rufous-and-white versus Niceforo\u27s Wrens with a quantitative approach and supports the idea that these taxa are best understood as distinct species. © The Cooper Ornithological Society 2007

Retención del talento y compensación emocional del área de Dry Food de Makro Supermayorista S.A. sede Bellavista, Callao – 2020

El presente trabajo de investigacion describe como objetivo general, determinar la relación que existe entre retención de talento y compensación emocional del área de dry food de makro supermayorista s.a. sede bellavista, callao-2020. este estudio tuvo un enfoque cuantitativo de tipo aplicada de nivel descriptivo correlacional, con un diseño no experimental transversal la cual se dispuso de un metodo hipotético deductivo. la población censal fue de 24 empleados del área de dry food, y se prefirió plantear un proceso de beneficios no monetarios entre los trabajadores.se utilizó una encuesta de 20 preguntas como tecnica de coleccion de datos asociadas a las variables retencion del talento y compensacion emocional. el método estadístico se desarrolló por medio del programa excel y el formato spss, y para resolver la correlación con el coeficiente de spearman, y contando como resultado las cifras expuestas en las tablas y figuras estadisticas. conforme a los resultados, se llega a la conclusión de un coeficiente rho=0.586 y un nivel de significancia de 0.00, siendo menor a 0.05; en definitiva demostró que existe relación directa y significativa afirmando que existe una correlación entre las variables retencion del talento y compensacion emocional; esto nos señala que la retención coopera con la compensación a restablecer el capital humano del área investigada a través de las necesidades emocionales de las personas

Estrategias pedagógicas que permitan potenciar capacidades individuales y colectivas para el fortalecimiento de vínculos de integración social y cuidado mutuo en familias vulnerables del barrio Modelia de Ibagué.

Este documento presenta los resultados del trabajo de grado realizado en la modalidad de Proyecto de investigación, para optar el título de la Especialización en Pedagogía para el desarrollo del aprendizaje autónomo, bajo la asesoría de la Mag. Norma Constanza Barrios Mosquera, inscrito en la línea de investigación Educación y desarrollo humano de la ECEDU, se basó en la metodología Investigación, Acción Participación y se realizó atendiendo las necesidades que se viven en gran parte de las comunidades que se encuentran en situación de vulnerabilidad, principalmente en familias vulnerables en el barrio Modelia de Ibagué en donde la asistencia social y de salud, la educación escolar, la formación en valores y buenos hábitos comportamentales, son relegados a un segundo plano y peor aún, la adaptación de éstos a las necesidades que integran la enseñanza y formación de conciencia en torno a temas de trascendencia social como lo es la discriminación socio afectiva hacia la mujer, el manejo responsable de la sexualidad, las concordancias de géneros, entre otros, es casi nula; aplicando la IAP se pretende identificar estrategias pedagógicas para potenciar capacidades individuales y colectivas que permitan fortalecer vínculos de integración social y cuidado mutuo dentro de sus hogares.This document presents the results of the degree work carried out in the Research Project modality, to choose the title of the Specialization in Pedagogy for the development of autonomous learning, under the guidance of Mag. Norma Constanza Barrios Mosquera, enrolled in the line of research Education and human development of the ECEDU, was based on the methodology Research, Action Participation and was carried out attending the needs that are lived in a large part of the communities that are in situation of vulnerability, mainly in vulnerable families in the Modelia neighborhood of Ibague where social and health assistance, school education, training in values ​​and good behavioral habits are relegated to the background and worse, the adaptation of these to the needs that integrate education and training of conscience in around issues of social importance as it is the socio-affective discrimination it goes to the woman, the responsible handling of sexuality, the concordances of genders, among others, is almost nil; applying the IAP, the aim is to identify pedagogical strategies to strengthen individual and collective capacities that allow strengthening social integration and mutual care bonds within their homes

Pseudo-outbreak of burkholderia cepacia in two intensive care unit in a University Hospital in Bogotá - Colombia

Introducción: Burkholderia cepacia es causante de brotes cuyo origen frecuentemente son fuentes ambientales. Materiales y métodos:Ante lasospecha de brote por B. cepacia en hemocultivos. Se realizó toma de cultivos ambientales y de insumos. Los aislamientos micro-biológicos fueron sometidos a análisis molecular. Resultados: Se identificaron 8 pacientes con hemocultivos para B. cepacia en la UCI Adultos y UCI Pediátrica, edades entre 3 meses y 88 años, Los hemocultivos fueron tomados a través de catéter venoso central. Ningún paciente presentó infección por este microorganismo. Se documentó crecimiento de B. cepacia en lote de bolsitas (“sachet”) jabón de clorhexidina al 4% y en lavamanos que se correlacionaron con el clon identificado en los pacientes. Con el retiro del lote de jabón de clorhexidina, optimización de los procesos de limpieza y desinfección, lavado de manos y medidas de aislamiento se controló el pseudobrote .Conclusiones: Se presenta un pseudobrote por B. cepacia causado por la contaminación de un lote de clorhexidina jabón y de los lavamanos, llamando la atención acerca de la posibilidad de contaminación de antisépticos con este microorganismo.Q3Artículo original143-147Introduction: The Burkholderia cepacia has been described as an outbreaks-causing agent, in which case frequently corresponds to environmental sources. Materials and Methods: Having the clinical suspicion of an outbreak or a pseudo-outbreak of B. cepacia in an Intensive Care Unit (ICU), samples in sterile solutions were sent to the laboratory for microbiologic study and molecular analysis. Results: Eigth patients with positive blood cultures for B. cepacia were identified in the adults and pediatric ICU, ages between 3 months to 88 years. Blood cul-tures were taken through a central venous catheter. None of the patients presented clinical manifestations of infection. There was a positive culture of B. cepaciain a chlorhexidine sachet soap batch and in samples from the washbasin that was correlated with molecular analysis with patient samples. The withdrawal of the chlorhexidine sachet soap batch plus the optimization of cleaning and disinfection processes and patient isolation, were effective to control the pseudo-outbreak, without presenting infection. Conclusions: One pseudo-outbreak was documented by B. cepacia, affecting the adult and pediatric ICU caused by the contamination of a chlorhexidine sachet soap batch and the washbasins