PREGLED DOSTIGNUĆA PRIMJENE BIM KONCEPTA U HRVATSKOJ, ČEŠKOJ, NJEMAČKOJ I SLOVENIJI

Building information modelling (BIM) may currently be considered the fastest developing concept in the field of construction management, aiming to become a global standard. Although the roots of the concept date back to the mid-1970s, some original expectations are still missing from its implementation. There has been a time gap between its theoretical and practical implementations. While the simultaneous development of information technologies is one reason for the implementation delay, other reasons remain unclear. This paper analyzes the gaps between theoretical and practical BIM application, as well as the legislation regarding BIM implementation in four countries (in alphabetical order: Croatia, the Czech Republic, Germany, and Slovenia). The paper additionally presents a survey of current practical BIM applications as well as general and theoretical feedback from construction projects that implemented BIM.Jedan od najbrže razvijajućih koncepata u domeni metoda i alata za upravljanje građevinskim projektima, uz konačni cilj da postane globalni standard, je informacijsko modeliranje građevina, tj. BIM. Iako se koncept razvija od sredine 1970-ih, neka od originalnih očekivanja u njegovoj primjeni i danas nedostaju. Očito je da postoji vremensko odstojanje između njegove teorijske i praktične primjene. Istovremeno, razvijanje nužnih alata informacijske tehnologije je jedan od razloga zašto praktična primjena zaostaje, no ostali razlozi su još nejasni. U ovome radu autori analiziraju razlike između teoretske i praktične primjene BIM-a u zemljama odakle dolaze (Hrvatske, Češke, Njemačke i Slovenije). Rad predstavlja pregled trenutačnih dostignuća primjene BIM-a te povratnih informacija s projekata na kojima je BIM primijenjen

TBEV-specific polyfunctional CD4⁺ T cells from TBE patients and booster vaccinated persons express different amounts of IFN-γ.

<p>(A) Median fluorescence intensity (MFI) of IFN-γ, IL-2 and TNF-α in triple-positive TBEV-specific CD4⁺ T cells from TBE patients (n = 16) and booster vaccinated persons (n = 18). Medians are indicated by black lines. Mann Whitney test was used to test for differences between patients and vaccinated groups. (B) MFI (mean + standard deviation) of IFN-γ in IFN-γ⁺ subtypes (TNF-α⁺IFN-γ⁺IL-2⁺; TNF-α⁺IFN-γ⁺; IFN-γ⁺IL-2⁺ and single IFN-γ⁺) from subjects who mounted detectable responses with all 4 IFN-γ subtypes (8 TBE patients and 4 booster-vaccinated subjects). (for individual data, <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0140545#pone.0140545.s006" target="_blank">S4 Table</a>).</p

Human CD4⁺ T Helper Cell Responses after Tick-Borne Encephalitis Vaccination and Infection

<div><p>Tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) is a human-pathogenic flavivirus that is endemic in large parts of Europe and Asia and causes severe neuroinvasive illness. A formalin-inactivated vaccine induces strong neutralizing antibody responses and confers protection from TBE disease. CD4⁺ T cell responses are essential for neutralizing antibody production, but data on the functionalities of TBEV-specific CD4⁺ T cells in response to vaccination or infection are lacking. This study provides a comprehensive analysis of the cytokine patterns of CD4⁺ T cell responses in 20 humans after TBE vaccination in comparison to those in 18 patients with TBEV infection. Specifically, Th1-specific cytokines (IFN-γ, IL-2, TNF-α), CD40 ligand and the Th1 lineage-specifying transcription factor Tbet were determined upon stimulation with peptides covering the TBEV structural proteins contained in the vaccine (C-capsid, prM/M-membrane and E-envelope). We show that TBEV-specific CD4⁺ T cell responses are polyfunctional, but the cytokine patterns after vaccination differed from those after infection. TBE vaccine responses were characterized by lower IFN-γ responses and high proportions of TNF-α⁺IL-2⁺ cells. In vaccine-induced responses—consistent with the reduced IFN-γ expression patterns—less than 50% of TBEV peptides were detected by IFN-γ⁺ cells as compared to 96% detected by IL-2⁺ cells, indicating that the single use of IFN-γ as a read-out strongly underestimates the magnitude and breadth of such responses. The results provide important insights into the functionalities of CD4⁺ T cells that coordinate vaccine responses and have direct implications for future studies that address epitope specificity and breadth of these responses.</p></div

Diverse Th1 cytokine patterns of TBEV-specific CD4⁺ T cells are induced after vaccination or infection.

<p>Th1 subtypes, including triple (TNF-α⁺IFN-γ⁺IL-2⁺), dual (TNF-α⁺IFN-γ⁺; TNF-α⁺IL-2⁺; IFN-γ⁺IL-2⁺) and single (TNF-α⁺; IFN-γ⁺; IL-2⁺) cytokine positive CD4⁺ T cells after 6h stimulation of PBMC with E peptide pools in TBE patients (A), TBE booster-vaccinated subjects (B). C peptide pool responses in TBE patients (C) and TBE booster-vaccinated subjects (D). Th1 cytokine patterns after gating on CD40L in TBE patients (E) and booster vaccinated persons (F). Th1 cytokine patterns in TBE primary vaccinated individuals after restimulation with E peptide pools (G) or C peptide pools (H). Medians are indicated by black lines. Pie charts show means of cytokine subsets as a fraction of the total number of positive events in all individuals analysed (pie charts of responses from representative patients, <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0140545#pone.0140545.s001" target="_blank">S1 Fig</a>).</p

Th1 subtype responses to TBEV E peptide minipools.

<p>Percentage of Th subset responses out of all minipool responses from 11 TBE vaccinated subjects (for individual responses, <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0140545#pone.0140545.s008" target="_blank">S6 Table</a>).</p

Analysis of Th1 subtype responses to E peptide minipools in 11 TBE-vaccinated subjects.

<p>*IL-2-positive subsets (IFN-γ⁺ IL-2⁺TNF-α⁺, IL-2⁺TNF-α⁺, IFN-γ⁺ IL-2⁺, IL-2⁺)</p><p>^# IFN-γ-positive subsets (IFN-γ⁺ IL-2⁺TNF-α⁺, IFN-γ⁺ IL-2, IFN-γ⁺ TNF-α⁺, IFN-γ⁺)</p><p>Analysis of Th1 subtype responses to E peptide minipools in 11 TBE-vaccinated subjects.</p