251 research outputs found
Pollution-Induced Forest Damage, Optimal Harvest Age and Timber Supply: Some Theoretical Considerations
This paper examines the relationships of pollution-induced forest damage, optimal age of stand harvest, and timber supply from a theoretical perspective. Since future levels of forest damage will be important determinants of harvesting and silvicultural practices and thus of wood supply, they must be explicitly taken into account in any realistic analysis of alternative scenarios of future forest decline and appropriate policy responses
Host--parasite models on graphs
The behavior of two interacting populations, ``hosts''and ``parasites'', is
investigated on Cayley trees and scale-free networks. In the former case
analytical and numerical arguments elucidate a phase diagram, whose most
interesting feature is the absence of a tri-critical point as a function of the
two independent spreading parameters. For scale-free graphs, the parasite
population can be described effectively by
Susceptible-Infected-Susceptible-type dynamics in a host background. This is
shown both by considering the appropriate dynamical equations and by numerical
simulations on Barab\'asi-Albert networks with the major implication that in
the termodynamic limit the critical parasite spreading parameter vanishes.Comment: 10 pages, 6 figures, submitted to PRE; analytics redone, new
calculations added, references added, appendix remove
PROJECT “CHRONICLES OF THE NATURE OF EURASIA”: EXPERIENCE OF RESEARCHING BIOTA RESPONSE TO CLIMATE CHANGE
В работе рассмотрены итоги девяти лет функционирования международного проекта, включающего Базу данных и Сеть сотрудничества в области биологического разнообразия экосистем Евразии. Проект объединяет 500 исследователей из 180 организаций 13 стран. Установлен ряд закономерностей изменений в динамике разнообразия биоты экосистем Евразии, в том числе – наличие динамики сезонных явлений в условиях изменения климата. Подчеркнуто значение «Летописей природы» на особо охраняемых природных территориях России как уникального исторического метода экологического мониторинга, не имеющего аналогов в мировой практике.Non peer reviewe
Effects of density, species interactions, and environmental stochasticity on the dynamics of British bird communities
Our knowledge of the factors affecting species abundances is mainly based on time-series analyses of a few well-studied species at single or few localities, but we know little about whether results from such analyses can be extrapolated to the community level. We apply a joint species distribution model to long-term time-series data on British bird communities to examine the relative contribution of intra- and interspecific density dependence at different spatial scales, as well as the influence of environmental stochasticity, to spatiotemporal interspecific variation in abundance. Intraspecific density dependence has the major structuring effect on these bird communities. In addition, environmental fluctuations affect spatiotemporal differences in abundance. In contrast, species interactions had a minor impact on variation in abundance. Thus, important drivers of single-species dynamics are also strongly affecting dynamics of communities in time and space
Nordic dietary surveys. Study designs, methods, results and use in food-based risk assessments
National dietary surveys have been completed in all five Nordic countries for purposes of nutritional assessment. The NORDIRA project started in 2009 with objectives of sharing experiences within collection of food consumption data and applications of it in food-based risk assessment. The NORDIRA-group consisted of experts working within dietary surveys as well within risk assessment. The project collected results and methodological aspects of national dietary surveys, the presentations of food consumption figures and data calculation processes of risk assessment. This TemaNord report is a summary of the presentations and experiences shared during the three year period of the NORDIRA project. The group emphasizes a flexible food aggregation system in reporting food consumption to enable different kind of matching of data from food consumption and occurence of chemical substances
Friend or foe? The current epidemiologic evidence on selenium and human cancer risk.
Scientific opinion on the relationship between selenium and the risk of cancer has undergone radical change over the years, with selenium first viewed as a possible carcinogen in the 1940s then as a possible cancer preventive agent in the 1960s-2000s. More recently, randomized controlled trials have found no effect on cancer risk but suggest possible low-dose dermatologic and endocrine toxicity, and animal studies indicate both carcinogenic and cancer-preventive effects. A growing body of evidence from human and laboratory studies indicates dramatically different biological effects of the various inorganic and organic chemical forms of selenium, which may explain apparent inconsistencies across studies. These chemical form-specific effects also have important implications for exposure and health risk assessment. Overall, available epidemiologic evidence suggests no cancer preventive effect of increased selenium intake in healthy individuals and possible increased risk of other diseases and disorders
Extinction threshold in the spatial stochastic logistic model: space homogeneous case
We consider the extinction regime in the spatial stochastic logistic model in R^d (a.k.a. Bolker–Pacala–Dieckmann–Law model of spatial populations) using the first-order perturbation beyond the mean-field equation. In space homogeneous case (i.e. when the density is non-spatial and the covariance is translation invariant), we show that the perturbation converges as time tends to infinity; that yields the first-order approximation for the stationary density. Next, we study the critical mortality – the smallest constant death rate which ensures the extinction of the population – as a function of the mean-field scaling parameter ε>0. We find the leading term of the asymptotic expansion (as ε→0) of the critical mortality which is apparently different for the cases d≥3, d = 2, and d = 1
Moment Closure - A Brief Review
Moment closure methods appear in myriad scientific disciplines in the
modelling of complex systems. The goal is to achieve a closed form of a large,
usually even infinite, set of coupled differential (or difference) equations.
Each equation describes the evolution of one "moment", a suitable
coarse-grained quantity computable from the full state space. If the system is
too large for analytical and/or numerical methods, then one aims to reduce it
by finding a moment closure relation expressing "higher-order moments" in terms
of "lower-order moments". In this brief review, we focus on highlighting how
moment closure methods occur in different contexts. We also conjecture via a
geometric explanation why it has been difficult to rigorously justify many
moment closure approximations although they work very well in practice.Comment: short survey paper (max 20 pages) for a broad audience in
mathematics, physics, chemistry and quantitative biolog
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