Selective occupancy of methane by cage symmetry in TBAB ionic clathrate hydrate.

Methane trapped in the two distinct dodecahedral cages of the ionic clathrate hydrate of TBAB was studied by single crystal XRD and MD simulation

Bis(guanidinium) cyananilate

The asymmetric unit of the title compound, 2CH6N3 +·C8N2O4 2−, contains one half of a centrosymmetric 2,5-di­cyano-3,6-dioxocyclo­hexa-1,4-diene-1,4-diolate (cyananil­ate) anion and one guanidinium cation, which are connected by N—H⋯O and N—H⋯N hydrogen bonds into a three-dimensional network

Scanning Electron Microscope Examination of Quartz Surface Textures from Kaolinized Granitic Rocks

Observation of surfaces of quartz in kaolinized granitic rocks by scanning electron microscopy was applied to provide information on the environmental conditions of kaolinization. Comparing with the quartz grain surfaces from kaolinite and halloysite specimens each other, quartz crystals from kaolinite specimens show extremely rough surfaces caused by deep dissolution pits, while the surfaces from halloysite are relatively smooth surfaces. Quartz surfaces in hydrothermal kaolinized granitic rocks are extremely rougher than those in weathered granitic rocks

C-Methyl­calix[4]resorcinarene–1,4-bis­(pyridin-3-yl)-2,3-diaza-1,3-butadiene (1/2)

In the title compound, 2C12H10N4·C32H32O8, the calixarene adopts a rctt conformation with dihedral angles of 138.40 (1) and 9.10 (1)° between the opposite rings. The dihedral angles between the rings of the pyridine derivative are 8.80 (1) and 9.20 (1)°. In the crystal, adjacent C-methylcalix[4]resorcinarene molecules are connected into columns parallel to [010] by O—H⋯O hydrogen bonds. O—H⋯N hydrogen bonds between the axial phenoxyl groups and bipyridine molecules link the columns into sheets parallel to (011), which are connected by O—H⋯N hydrogen bonds. Further O—H⋯N hydrogen bonds link the bipyridine and C-methylcalix[4]resorcinarene molecules, giving rise to a three-dimensional network

Switchable mesomeric betaines derived from pyridinium-phenolates and bis(thienyl)ethane

Syntheses of push–pull substituted non-symmetric bis(thienyl)ethenes (BTEs) possessing a central perfluorocyclopentene core are described. The substituent effects of anisole, phenole, and phenolate as well as pyridine, pyridinium, and N-methylpyridinium substituents, joined through their 3- or 4-positions to the central BTE core, respectively, cover the range from very strongly electron-donating [σ(4-phenolate)=−1.00] to extremely strongly electron-withdrawing [σ(pyridinium-4-yl)=+2.57] in the title mesomeric betaines. The different isomers possessing 4-yl/4-yl, 4-yl/3-yl and 3-yl/3-yl substituents represent different combinations of conjugated and cross-conjugated partial structures and cause different spectroscopic properties. In addition, through-space conjugation between the 2- and 2′-position of the thiophenes can be observed which circumvents the charge-separation of through-bond cross-conjugation. The BTE possessing the push–pull chromophore consisting of 3-anisole and 4-pyridinium substituents (24) displays the best extinction coefficients within the series of compounds described here (ϵ=33.8/15.7 L/mol ⋅ cm), while the mesomeric betaine possessing an N-methylpyridinium-4-yl and a 4-phenolate substituent (29) displays considerable bathochromic shifts to λmax=724 nm in its closed form

Bis(guanidinium) chloranilate

The asymmetric unit of the title co-crystal, 2CH6N3 +·C6Cl2O4 2−, contains one half of a chloranilate anion and one guanidinium cation, which are connected by strong N—H⋯O hydrogen bonds into a two-dimensional network

THE PROCESS OF MAKING NEW INTERMEDIATE TEMPERATURE PROTON CONDUCTORS THAT BASED ON LITHIUM LANTHANUM ZIRCONATE Li7-xHxLa3Zr2O12 VIA AN ION EXCHANGE

Nowadays the process of searching for the new solid proton electrolytes with high proton conductivity at intermediate temperatures (200–600 oC) is actively developing due to the commercialization of fuel cell technologies. Here we present new materials with high proton conductivity that based on lithium lanthanum zirconate with the general chemical formula Li7-xHxLa3Zr2O12. New materials were made via an ion exchange process between lithium lanthanum zirconate Li7La3Zr2O12 and solutions of acids

Analysis of core samples from the BPXA-DOE-USGS Mount Elbert gas hydrate stratigraphic test well : insights into core disturbance and handling

Author Posting. © The Author(s), 2009. This is the author's version of the work. It is posted here by permission of Elsevier B.V. for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Marine and Petroleum Geology 28 (2011): 381-393, doi:10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2009.10.009.Collecting and preserving undamaged core samples containing gas hydrates from depth is difficult because of the pressure and temperature changes encountered upon retrieval. Hydrate-bearing core samples were collected at the BPXA-DOE-USGS Mount Elbert Gas Hydrate Stratigraphic Test Well in February 2007. Coring was performed while using a custom oil-based drilling mud, and the cores were retrieved by a wireline. The samples were characterized and subsampled at the surface under ambient winter arctic conditions. Samples thought to be hydrate bearing were preserved either by immersion in liquid nitrogen (LN), or by storage under methane pressure at ambient arctic conditions, and later depressurized and immersed in LN. Eleven core samples from hydrate-bearing zones were scanned using x-ray computed tomography to examine core structure and homogeneity. Features observed include radial fractures, spalling-type fractures, and reduced density near the periphery. These features were induced during sample collection, handling, and preservation. Isotopic analysis of the methane from hydrate in an initially LN-preserved core and a pressure-preserved core indicate that secondary hydrate formation occurred throughout the pressurized core, whereas none occurred in the LN-preserved core, however no hydrate was found near the periphery of the LN-preserved core. To replicate some aspects of the preservation methods, natural and laboratory-made saturated porous media samples were frozen in a variety of ways, with radial fractures observed in some LN-frozen sands, and needle-like ice crystals forming in slowly frozen clay-rich sediments. Suggestions for hydrate-bearing core preservation are presented.A portion of this work was supported by the Assistant Secretary for Fossil Energy, Office of Natural Gas and Petroleum Technology, through the National Energy Technology Laboratory, under the U.S. DOE Contract No. DE- AC02-05CH11231

Triprolidinium dichloranilate–chloranilic acid–methanol–water (2/1/2/2)

In the triprolidinium cation of the title compound {systematic name: 2-[1-(4-methyl­phen­yl)-3-(pyrrolidin-1-ium-1-yl)prop-1-en-1-yl]pyridin-1-ium bis­(2,5-dichloro-4-hy­droxy-3,6-dioxo­cyclo­hexa-1,4-dien-1-olate)–2,5-dichloro-3,6-dihy­droxy­cyclo­hexa-2,5-diene-1,4-dione–methanol–water (2/1/2/2)}, C19H24N2 2+·2C6HCl2O4 −·0.5C6H2Cl2O4·CH3OH·H2O, the N atoms on both the pyrrolidine and pyridine groups are protonated. The neutral chloranilic acid mol­ecule is on an inversion symmetry element and its hy­droxy H atoms are disordered over two positions with site-occupancy factors of 0.53 (6) and 0.47 (6). The methanol solvent mol­ecule is disordered over two positions in a 0.836 (4):0.164 (4) ratio. In the crystal, N—H⋯O, O—H⋯O and C—H⋯O inter­actions link the components. The crystal structure also features π–π inter­actions between the benzene rings [centroid–centroid distances = 3.5674 (15), 3.5225 (15) and 3.6347 (15) Å]

Environmental Awareness and Sustainable Development in the Russian Federation:Environmental Awareness in the Russian Federation

Drawing on empirical research from a qualitative study in the Russian Federation, this paper contributes to the limited academic literature on environmental awareness and sustainable development in Russia. Using data from nearly 100 interviews with firms, NGOs and environmental regulators, we explore current barriers to public environmental awareness and the avenues to sustainable development, in the context of a transition country. We conclude by calling for further research that investigates the possibilities for environmental education and sustainability in contemporary Russian society and the institutional barriers thereto. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment