Cyclic Flow of Salt Water in the Biscayne Aquifer of Southeastern Florida

Abstract. Observations over a period of nearly 20 years confirm the fact that the salt-water front in the Biscayne aquifer along the coast of the Miami area, Florida, is dynamically stable at a position seaward of that computed according to the Ghyben-Herzberg principle. During periods of heavy recharge the fresh-water head is high enough to cause the fresh water, the salt water, and the zone of diffusion between them to move seaward. In addition to this bodily movement of the system, there is a seaward flow of diluted salt water in the zone of diffusion. When the fresh-water head is low, salt water in the lower part of the aquifer intrudes inland, but some of the diluted sea water in the zone of diffusion continues to flow seaward. Cross sections showing equipotential lines in terms of equivalent fresh-water head show that the sea water flows inland, becoming progressively diluted with fresh water, to a line along which there is no horizontal component of flow, after which it moves upward and returns to the sea. The cyclic flow acts as a deterrent to the encroachment of sea water because of return to the sea of a part of the inland flow. I Introduction. The basic premise of the Cl~yben-Herzberg principle is that the position oi the interface between fresh water and salt ~ater in a coastal aquifer will be governed by a hydrostatic equilibrium between fresh water and the more dense sea water. Hubbert [1940, pp. 921-9261 showed, however, that because fresh water was known to flow seaward, the position of the interface would be governed by a dynamic tween the densities of sea water (p,) and fresh water. Observations over a period of nearly 20 years indicate that the salt front in the Biscayne aquifer of the Miami, Florida, area is dynamically stabilized seaward of the theoretical position given by either concept (h) with reference to sea level a t the point on It is the intent of this paper to illustrate by the interface multiplied by the ratio of the field observations that the salt water is no

Strong-Motion Instrumental data on the Borrego Mountain Earthquake of 9 April 1968

The Borrego Mountain earthquake triggered 114 strong-motion accelerographs in the southern California region. Hitherto the maximum number of instruments in the Pacific Coast network which had simultaneously operated was 35 accelerographs during the main shock of the Kern County earthquakes of 1952. The unprecedented nature of the instrumental coverage makes it desirable to ensure a prompt distribution of the complete basic data. As the first large scale test of the field installation and servicing conditions, as well as of the instruments themselves, the data are of unusual interest. Even though the large distance from the epicenter (135 miles) to the densest portion of the accelerograph network in the Los Angeles area resulted in many records of very low magnitude, significant studies of the distribution of ground motion can be made. In particular, the distribution pattern of the earthquake-triggered accelerographs gives valuable information on the characteristics and reliability of the starting devices incorporated into the instruments. It will be noted that in addition to a number of important ground motion records at El Centro, San Diego, San Onofre, etc., numerous accelerograms were obtained in upper floor positions in tall buildings in the Los Angeles region. Although these records show low acceleration levels, they permit accurate determination of building response period. It will be of great interest to compare these earthquake -excited period measurements with those obtained from other structural tests and from calculations. Because of the general interest in instrumental characteristics as well as in the distribution of ground motion, it has been decided to reproduce photographs of all record traces, no matter how small the indicated motions. It is realized that the small scale of many of the figures precludes their direct use for accurate measurements. It is intended that they will serve as an index to the available records, and will indicate to a prospective investigator the particular records which he might wish to obtain in the full-scale form from the U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey. Since only a limited number of full-scale records can be so distributed, the present report should thus contribute to an optimum use of existing data-handling capabilities. . . . Since means have not yet been found to enable the Seismological Field Survey to expand its activities in the preparation and distribution of accelerograph records to the extent called for by the present size of the instrumental network, the present report is a cooperative effort with the California Institute of Technology under a grant from the Engineering Division of the National Science Foundation for basic studies in earthquake engineering

Effects of Baseline Left Ventricular Hypertrophy and Decreased Renal Function on Cardiovascular and Renal Outcomes in Patients with Fabry Disease Treated with Agalsidase Alfa: A Fabry Outcome Survey Study

PURPOSE: The initiation of enzyme-replacement therapy prior to the occurrence of substantial and irreversible organ damage in patients with Fabry disease is of critical importance. The Fabry Outcome Survey is an international disease registry of patients with a confirmed diagnosis of Fabry disease. In this study, data from the Fabry Outcome Survey were used for the assessment of the risks for cardiovascular and renal events in patients who received agalsidase alfa treatment. METHODS: Eligible patients were males and females aged ≥18 years with Fabry disease treated with agalsidase alfa. Cardiovascular events included myocardial infarction, left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH), heart failure, arrhythmia, conduction abnormality, and cardiac surgery. Renal events included dialysis, transplantation, and renal failure. Kaplan-Meier curves and log-rank tests were used for comparing event-free probabilities and time to first cardiovascular or renal event, from agalsidase alfa initiation to a maximum of 120 months, in patients with LVH versus normal left ventricular mass index (LVMI; ≤50 g/m2.7 in males and ≤48 g/m2.7 in females) at treatment initiation (baseline), and in patients with a low estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR; <90 mL/min/1.73 m2) versus normal eGFR at baseline. Multivariate Cox regression analysis was used for examining the association between key study variables and the risks for cardiovascular and renal events. FINDINGS: Among the 560 patients (269 males; 291 females) with available LVMI data, 306 (55%) had LVH and 254 (45%) had normal LVMI at baseline. The risk for a cardiovascular event was higher in the subgroup with LVH versus normal LVMI at baseline (hazard ratio [HR] = 1.57; 95% CI, 1.21-2.05; P < 0.001), but the risk for a renal event was similar between the 2 subgroups (HR = 1.90; 95% CI, 0.94-3.85; P = 0.074). Among the 1093 patients (551 males; 542 females) with available eGFR data, 433 (40%) had a low eGFR and 660 (60%) had a normal eGFR at baseline. The subgroup with a low eGFR at baseline had a significantly higher risk for a cardiovascular event (HR = 1.33; 95% CI, 1.04-1.70; P = 0.021) or a renal event (HR = 5.88; 95% CI, 2.73-12.68; P < 0.001) compared with patients with a normal eGFR at baseline. IMPLICATIONS: In the present study, the presence of LVH and/or reduced renal function at agalsidase alfa initiation was associated with a significantly higher risk for a cardiovascular or renal event, indicating that cardiovascular and renal pathologies in Fabry disease may be inter-related. Early initiation of agalsidase alfa treatment prior to the onset of severe organ damage may improve outcomes. ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT03289065

Patient-reported outcome data generated in a clinical intervention in community mental health care - psychometric properties

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited

MAPS, SECTIONS, AND STRUCTURE-CONTOUR DIAGRAMS SHOWING THE GEOLOGY AND GEOCHEMISTRY OF THE MOUAT NICKEL-COFFER PROSPECT, STILLWATER COMPLEX, STILLWATER COUNTY, MONTANA

ABSTRACT Deposits of magmatic nickel-copper (Ni-Cu) sulfides are concentrated near the base of the Stillwater Complex, a Late Archean mafic to ultramafic layered intrusion exposed on the north edge of the Beartooth Mountains, Montana. Extensive drilling and limited underground development work by the Anaconda Minerals Company has delineated the sub-surface extent of one of these deposits, the Mouat Ni-Cu prospect or deposit. Structural interpretation shows that rocks of the Mountain View area of the Stillwater Complex are folded into a broad syncline which is inclined and cut by several generations of faults. The oldest faults strike northeast and have near vertical dips. These faults are cut by northweststriking, near vertical faults showing left-lateral separation. Apparent separation on these faults are less than 500 ft. Two high-angle reverse faults, the Lake fault and the Bluebird thrust, truncate the Mouat deposit on the northeast and the southwest, respectively. Sulfide minerals that constitute this deposit are concentrated at the lower contact of the Stillwater Complex within the Basal series and within and adjacent to very discontinuous, irregularly shaped Stillwater-associated sills and dikes that intrude the metasedimentary rocks underlying the complex. The base of the Stillwater Complex shows considerable relief over short distances; as a result, the thickness of the Basal series ranges from 0 to 450 ft. However, there is no clear evidence that sulfides at the base of the complex pooled in depressions on the floor of the complex. Intensity of faulting and the discontinuous nature of the matrix-to-massive sulfide mineralization do not allow probabilistic tonnage and grade estimates to be made despite the density of drilling

Family Planning Decisions, Perceptions and Gender Dynamics among Couples in Mwanza, Tanzania: A Qualitative Study.

Contraceptive use is low in developing countries which are still largely driven by male dominated culture and patriarchal values. This study explored family planning (FP) decisions, perceptions and gender dynamics among couples in Mwanza region of Tanzania. Twelve focus group discussions and six in-depth interviews were used to collect information from married or cohabiting males and females aged 18-49. The participants were purposively selected. Qualitative methods were used to explore family planning decisions, perceptions and gender dynamics among couples. A guide with questions related to family planning perceptions, decisions and gender dynamics was used. The discussions and interviews were tape-recorded, transcribed verbatim and analyzed manually and subjected to content analysis. Four themes emerged during the study. First, "risks and costs" which refer to the side effects of FP methods and the treatment of side -effects as well as the costs inherit in being labeled as an unfaithful spouse. Second, "male involvement" as men showed little interest in participating in family planning issues. However, the same men were mentioned as key decision-makers even on the number of children a couple should have and the child spacing of these children. Third, "gender relations and communication" as participants indicated that few women participated in decision-making on family planning and the number of children to have. Fourth, "urban-rural differences", life in rural favoring having more children than urban areas therefore, the value of children depended on the place of residence. Family Planning programs should adapt the promotion of communication as well as joint decision-making on FP among couples as a strategy aimed at enhancing FP use

Influence of family and friend smoking on intentions to smoke and smoking-related attitudes and refusal self-efficacy among 9-10 year old children from deprived neighbourhoods: a cross-sectional study.

BACKGROUND: Smoking often starts in early adolescence and addiction can occur rapidly. For effective smoking prevention there is a need to identify at risk groups of preadolescent children and whether gender-specific intervention components are necessary. This study aimed to examine associations between mother, father, sibling and friend smoking and cognitive vulnerability to smoking among preadolescent children living in deprived neighbourhoods. METHODS: Cross-sectional data was collected from 9-10 year old children (n =1143; 50.7% girls; 85.6% White British) from 43 primary schools in Merseyside, England. Children completed a questionnaire that assessed their smoking-related behaviour, intentions, attitudes, and refusal self-efficacy, as well as parent, sibling and friend smoking. Data for boys and girls were analysed separately using multilevel linear and logistic regression models, adjusting for individual cognitions and school and deprivation level. RESULTS: Compared to girls, boys had lower non-smoking intentions (P = 0.02), refusal self-efficacy (P = 0.04) and were less likely to agree that smoking is 'definitely' bad for health (P < 0.01). Friend smoking was negatively associated with non-smoking intentions in girls (P < 0.01) and boys (P < 0.01), and with refusal self-efficacy in girls (P < 0.01). Sibling smoking was negatively associated with non-smoking intentions in girls (P < 0.01) but a positive association was found in boys (P = 0.02). Boys who had a smoking friend were less likely to 'definitely' believe that the smoke from other people's cigarettes is harmful (OR 0.57, 95% CI: 0.35 to 0.91, P = 0.02). Further, boys with a smoking friend (OR 0.38, 95% CI: 0.21 to 0.69, P < 0.01) or a smoking sibling (OR 0.45, 95% CI: 0.21 to 0.98) were less likely to 'definitely' believe that smoking is bad for health. CONCLUSION: This study indicates that sibling and friend smoking may represent important influences on 9-10 year old children's cognitive vulnerability toward smoking. Whilst some differential findings by gender were observed, these may not be sufficient to warrant separate prevention interventions. However, further research is needed

Measuring the Higgs Sector

If we find a light Higgs boson at the LHC, there should be many observable channels which we can exploit to measure the relevant parameters in the Higgs sector. We use the SFitter framework to map these measurements on the parameter space of a general weak-scale effective theory with a light Higgs state of mass 120 GeV. Our analysis benefits from the parameter determination tools and the error treatment used in new--physics searches, to study individual parameters and their error bars as well as parameter correlations.Comment: 45 pages, Journal version with comments from refere