Intégration communautaire et interventions centrées sur les forces dans la réadaptation de clientèles adultes en neurologie

Problématique : Les adultes ayant des troubles neurologiques doivent composer avec moins de possibilités de participation sociale et lutter contre l’isolement. Mis ensemble, ces éléments contribuent au défi que constitue l’intégration communautaire chez ces populations. L’atteinte d’un niveau d’intégration communautaire satisfaisant aux yeux de ces individus est souvent décrite comme l’ultime finalité en réadaptation. Or, ce niveau d’intégration communautaire est rarement atteint, ce qui suggère que les interventions en réadaptation connaissent des limites à ce niveau. Afin de favoriser l’intégration communautaire des personnes ayant des troubles mentaux, plusieurs approches en réadaptation psychosociale intègrent une perspective centrée sur les forces (PCF). L’approche centrée sur les forces (ACF) est la plus robuste au niveau scientifique et fait souvent office d’exemple dans le domaine. Or, il n’y a pas de PCF formalisée ou formellement implantée en réadaptation physique. Toutefois, cela ne veut pas dire que certains principes d’intervention qui sont propres à une PCF ne sont pas perçus ou vécus en réadaptation physique. La présence de tels principes en réadaptation physique pourrait entre autres s’expliquer par le virage proposé à l’intérieur des lignes directrices régissant la pratique de l’ergothérapie au Canada. Objectifs : (1) Synthétiser l’état des connaissances quant aux objets d’interventions soutenant l’intégration communautaire dans un champ spécifique, soit celui de l’ergothérapie auprès de clientèles adultes aux prises avec des troubles neurologiques (article 1). (2) Vérifier si le Community Integration Questionnaire mesure bien un des effets attendus des PCF, plus précisément l’intégration communautaire, par le biais d’un examen des connaissances concernant ses qualités métrologiques (article 2). (3) Dépeindre les perceptions des objets d’interventions s’inscrivant dans une PCF, plus particulièrement celles qui touchent les forces de l’individu, du point de vue d’adultes aux prises avec des troubles neurologiques dans un contexte de services externes de réadaptation. Le recours à l’expérience de personnes iii composant avec une sclérose en plaques et une blessure médullaire permettra de considérer différents contextes et services de réadaptation, puisque les caractéristiques de la mise en œuvre de services de réadaptation pour ces deux clientèles sont très contrastées (article 3). Méthodes : Trois études ont été réalisées : (1) un examen de la portée dans cinq bases de données scientifiques ; (2) une revue systématique dans cinq bases de données scientifiques ; et (3) une étude de cas exploratoire auprès deux clientèles aux prises avec des troubles neurologiques (sclérose en plaques et blessure médullaire). Résultats : (1) L’examen des 47 écrits retenus démontre que les interventions ergothérapiques porteuses en matière d’intégration communautaire doivent être centrées sur l’occupation, viser l’atteinte de buts autodéterminés et être réalisées à même la communauté. Aucun des écrits retenus ne présentait de façon explicite une pratique centrée sur l’habilitation ; (2) L’analyse de dix études réalisées auprès de plus de 3000 individus sur les qualités métrologiques du Community Integration Questionnaire (CIQ) démontre un niveau preuve embryonnaire quant à une utilisation sécuritaire du CIQ pour mesurer l’IC (un des effets attendus d’une PCF) auprès de populations autres que celles vivant avec les séquelles d’un traumatisme crânien ; (3) Aux yeux des participants interviewés, les relations thérapeutiques supportent bien l’espoir et l’autodétermination. Les forces individuelles semblent toutefois peu mobilisées dans les processus de réadaptation physique auprès des clientèles à l’étude, ce qui limite l’atteinte d’un niveau satisfaisant d’intégration communautaire. Conclusion : Les pistes d’interventions probantes énoncées doivent guider les pratiques et la recherche en ergothérapie en matière d’intégration communautaire et davantage de place doit être faite à l’habilitation. Une perspective axée sur les forces comprend des composantes communautaires ou collectives ; tant sur le plan d’objets d’intervention, que sur le plan des finalités attendues. Les forces de l’individu ayant été mises en évidence dans le cadre de cette thèse, les forces environnementales devront être documentées afin de iv dresser un portrait initial plus complet de l’intégration d’une perspective axée sur les forces en réadaptation auprès des clientèles présentant des troubles neurologiques.Rationale: Adults living with a neurological disorder must negotiate with fewer opportunities for social participation and fight isolation. Taken together, these elements contribute to the challenge of community integration for these populations. Reaching a satisfactory level of community integration is often described as the ultimate goal in rehabilitation. However, this goal is rarely achieved, which suggests that interventions know limits at this level. Several approaches to psychosocial rehabilitation incorporate this concern for community integration and a strengths-based perspective (SBP). The strengths model of case management (SM) is an evidence-based approach that often serves as an example in the field. However, there is no formalized or formally implemented strengths-based perspective in physical rehabilitation. However, this does not mean that some interventions or principles that are specific to such perspectives are not perceived or experienced in physical rehabilitation. The presence of strengths-based perspective in physical rehabilitation could be explained, among other things, by the proposed shift in occupational therapy practice guidelines in Canada. Objectives: (1) Synthesize the state of knowledge regarding the objects of interventions supporting community integration in a specific field, that is, occupational therapy for adults with neurological disorders (article 1). (2) Verify that the Community Integration Questionnaire (CIQ) measures community integration, through a systematic review of its metrological qualities (article 2). (3) Depict the perceptions of the objects of interventions within a SBP, regarding the mobilization of individual’s strengths, from the perspective of adults with neurological disorders in the context of outpatient rehabilitation services. Experience of people with multiple sclerosis and spinal cord injury will make it possible to consider different contexts and rehabilitation services, since the characteristics of the implementation of rehabilitation services for these two clienteles are very different (section 3). vi Methods: Three studies were conducted: (1) a scoping review in five scientific databases; (2) a systematic review in five scientific databases; and (3) an exploratory case study with two clienteles with neurological disorders (multiple sclerosis and spinal cord injury). Results: (1) Data from 47 articles demonstrate that supportive occupational therapy interventions for community integration must be occupation-based, selfdetermined, and community-based. None of the selected literature explicitly presented a practice focused on enablement; (2) Data from ten studies conducted with more than 3000 individuals on the metrological qualities of the Community Integration Questionnaire (CIQ) demonstrate an embryonic level of evidence for the safe use of CIQ to measure CI (one of the expected effects of a SBP) with populations other than those living with the aftermaths of traumatic brain injury; (3) Therapeutic relationships support hope and self-determination. However, individual strengths appear to be little involved in physical rehabilitation processes with the clientele in question, which limits the achievement of a satisfactory level of community integration. Conclusion: Outlined scientific evidences must guide occupational therapy practices and research in community integration and more research should be made concerning enablement. SBP includes community or collective components; both in terms of objects and effects of intervention. Environmental strengths will need to be documented in order to provide a more complete initial picture of SBP in the rehabilitation of people living with neurological condition

End-to-End Discriminative Deep Network for Liver Lesion Classification

Colorectal liver metastasis is one of most aggressive liver malignancies. While the definition of lesion type based on CT images determines the diagnosis and therapeutic strategy, the discrimination between cancerous and non-cancerous lesions are critical and requires highly skilled expertise, experience and time. In the present work we introduce an end-to-end deep learning approach to assist in the discrimination between liver metastases from colorectal cancer and benign cysts in abdominal CT images of the liver. Our approach incorporates the efficient feature extraction of InceptionV3 combined with residual connections and pre-trained weights from ImageNet. The architecture also includes fully connected classification layers to generate a probabilistic output of lesion type. We use an in-house clinical biobank with 230 liver lesions originating from 63 patients. With an accuracy of 0.96 and a F1-score of 0.92, the results obtained with the proposed approach surpasses state of the art methods. Our work provides the basis for incorporating machine learning tools in specialized radiology software to assist physicians in the early detection and treatment of liver lesions

Semi-supervised ViT knowledge distillation network with style transfer normalization for colorectal liver metastases survival prediction

Colorectal liver metastases (CLM) significantly impact colon cancer patients, influencing survival based on systemic chemotherapy response. Traditional methods like tumor grading scores (e.g., tumor regression grade - TRG) for prognosis suffer from subjectivity, time constraints, and expertise demands. Current machine learning approaches often focus on radiological data, yet the relevance of histological images for survival predictions, capturing intricate tumor microenvironment characteristics, is gaining recognition. To address these limitations, we propose an end-to-end approach for automated prognosis prediction using histology slides stained with H&E and HPS. We first employ a Generative Adversarial Network (GAN) for slide normalization to reduce staining variations and improve the overall quality of the images that are used as input to our prediction pipeline. We propose a semi-supervised model to perform tissue classification from sparse annotations, producing feature maps. We use an attention-based approach that weighs the importance of different slide regions in producing the final classification results. We exploit the extracted features for the metastatic nodules and surrounding tissue to train a prognosis model. In parallel, we train a vision Transformer (ViT) in a knowledge distillation framework to replicate and enhance the performance of the prognosis prediction. In our evaluation on a clinical dataset of 258 patients, our approach demonstrates superior performance with c-indexes of 0.804 (0.014) for OS and 0.733 (0.014) for TTR. Achieving 86.9% to 90.3% accuracy in predicting TRG dichotomization and 78.5% to 82.1% accuracy for the 3-class TRG classification task, our approach outperforms comparative methods. Our proposed pipeline can provide automated prognosis for pathologists and oncologists, and can greatly promote precision medicine progress in managing CLM patients.Comment: 16 pages, 7 figures and 7 tables. Submitted to Medical Journal Analysis (MedIA) journa

The Current States, Challenges, Ongoing Efforts, and Future Perspectives of Pharmaceutical Excipients in Pediatric Patients in Each Country and Region

A major hurdle in pediatric formulation development is the lack of safety and toxicity data on some of the commonly used excipients. While the maximum oral safe dose for several kinds of excipients is known in the adult population, the doses in pediatric patients, including preterm neonates, are not established yet due to the lack of evidence-based data. This paper consists of four parts: (1) country-specific perspectives in different parts of the world (current state, challenges in excipients, and ongoing efforts) for ensuring the use of safe excipients, (2) comparing and contrasting the country-specific perspectives, (3) past and ongoing collaborative efforts, and (4) future perspectives on excipients for pediatric formulation. The regulatory process for pharmaceutical excipients has been developed. However, there are gaps between each region where a lack of information and an insufficient regulation process was found. Ongoing efforts include raising issues on excipient exposure, building a region-specific database, and improving excipient regulation; however, there is a lack of evidence-based information on safety for the pediatric population. More progress on clear safety limits, quantitative information on excipients of concern in the pediatric population, and international harmonization of excipients’ regulatory processes for the pediatric population are required

Radiomics using computed tomography to predict CD73 expression and prognosis of colorectal cancer liver metastases

ABSTRACT: Background Finding a noninvasive radiomic surrogate of tumor immune features could help identify patients more likely to respond to novel immune checkpoint inhibitors. Particularly, CD73 is an ectonucleotidase that cata- lyzes the breakdown of extracellular AMP into immunosuppressive adenosine, which can be blocked by therapeutic antibodies. High CD73 expression in colorectal cancer liver metastasis (CRLM) resected with curative intent is associ- ated with early recurrence and shorter patient survival. The aim of this study was hence to evaluate whether machine learning analysis of preoperative liver CT-scan could estimate high vs low CD73 expression in CRLM and whether such radiomic score would have a prognostic significance. Methods We trained an Attentive Interpretable Tabular Learning (TabNet) model to predict, from preoperative CT images, stratified expression levels of CD73 (CD73High vs. CD73Low ) assessed by immunofluorescence (IF) on tissue microarrays. Radiomic features were extracted from 160 segmented CRLM of 122 patients with matched IF data, preprocessed and used to train the predictive model. We applied a five-fold cross-validation and validated the perfor- mance on a hold-out test set. Results TabNet provided areas under the receiver operating characteristic curve of 0.95 (95% CI 0.87 to 1.0) and 0.79 (0.65 to 0.92) on the training and hold-out test sets respectively, and outperformed other machine learning models. The TabNet-derived score, termed rad-CD73, was positively correlated with CD73 histological expression in matched CRLM (Spearman’s ρ = 0.6004; P < 0.0001). The median time to recurrence (TTR) and disease-specific survival (DSS) after CRLM resection in rad-CD73High vs rad-CD73 Low patients was 13.0 vs 23.6 months (P = 0.0098) and 53.4 vs 126.0 months (P = 0.0222), respectively. The prognostic value of rad-CD73 was independent of the standard clinical risk score, for both TTR (HR = 2.11, 95% CI 1.30 to 3.45, P < 0.005) and DSS (HR = 1.88, 95% CI 1.11 to 3.18, P = 0.020)

Global prevalence of antidepressant utilization in the community: A protocol for a systematic review

Introduction Antidepressant drugs are the most frequently prescribed medication for mental disorders. They are also used off-label and for non-psychiatric indications. Prescriptions of antidepressants have increased in the last decades, but no systematic review exists on the extent of their use in the community. Methods and analysis We will conduct a systematic review to estimate the prevalence of antidepressant use in the community. We will search for studies published from 1 January 2010 in the Embase and MEDLINE databases using a combination of controlled vocabulary and keywords adjusted for each database without any language restriction. The main inclusion criterion is the presence of prevalence data of antidepressant utilization. Thus, we will include all studies with a descriptive observational design reporting the prevalence of antidepressant use in the community. Study selection (by title/abstract and full-text screening) and data extraction for included studies will be independently conducted by pairs of reviewers. We will then synthesize the data on the prevalence of antidepressant use in individuals living in the community. If possible, we will perform a meta-analysis to generate prevalence-pooled estimates. If the data allows it, we will conduct subgroup analyses by antidepressant class, age, sex, country and other sociodemographic categories. We will evaluate the risk of bias for each included study through a quality assessment using the Joanna Briggs Institute Critical Appraisal tool: Checklist for Studies Reporting Prevalence Data. DistillerSR software will be used for the management of this review. Ethics and dissemination Ethical approval is not required for this review as it will not directly involve human or animal subjects. The findings of our systematic review will be disseminated through publications in peer-reviewed journals, the Qualaxia Network (https://qualaxia.org), presentations at international conferences on mental health and pharmacoepidemiology, as well as general public events. PROSPERO registration number CRD42021247423

The coupled effects of mantle mixing and a water-dependent viscosity on the surface ocean

Water content plays a vital role in determining mantle rheology and thus mantle convection and plate tectonics. Most parameterised convection models predict that Earth initially underwent a period of rapid degassing and heating, followed by a slow and sustained period of regassing and cooling. However, these models assume water is instantaneously mixed and homogeneously distributed into the mantle. This is a limitation because the mixing time for water entering and leaving the mantle is a function of the Rayleigh number which varies dramatically with water content, temperature, and through time. Here we present an adapted parametrised model (Crowley et al., 2011) to include the coupled effects of the time scale of mixing with a water-dependent viscosity. We consider two mixing types: first, where the mixing time is constant throughout the model and second, where mixing time varies as a response to an evolving Rayleigh number. We find that, facilitated by the effects of water content in the melt region at mid-ocean ridges, a constant mixing time can induce long periods of degassing. The inclusion of a variable mixing time dependent on the Rayleigh number acts to limit the period of degassing and also results in more water being stored in the mantle and less at the surface than in both the constant and instantaneous mixing cases. Mixing time cannot be more than ∼2 billion years as large mixing times trap water in the mantle, leaving a dry surface. Even small changes in the surface ocean induced by mixing times on the order of 0.1 Gyrs can cause changes in the global-mean sea level on the order of 10's of metres. These changes in sea level could easily uncover topographic highs in the bathymetry, potentially aiding sub-aerial erosion a process thought to be important in early Earth evolution. Even in this relatively simple model, the inclusion of a mixing time between water entering and leaving the mantle creates a more dynamic water cycle

Morphology and dynamics of inflated subaqueous basaltic lava flows

International audienceDuring eruptions onto low slopes, basaltic Pahoehoe lava can form thin lobes that progressively coalesce and inflate to many times their original thickness, due to a steady injection of magma beneath brittle and viscoelastic layers of cooled lava that develop sufficient strength to retain the flow. Inflated lava flows forming tumuli and pressure ridges have been reported in different kinds of environments, such as at contemporary subaerial Hawaiian-type volcanoes in Hawaii, La Réunion and Iceland, in continental environments (states of Oregon, Idaho, Washington), and in the deep sea at Juan de Fuca Ridge, the Galapagos spreading center, and at the East Pacific Rise (this study). These lava have all undergone inflation processes, yet they display highly contrasting morphologies that correlate with their depositional environment, the most striking difference being the presence of water. Lava that have inflated in subaerial environments display inflation structures with morphologies that significantly differ from subaqueous lava emplaced in the deep sea, lakes, and rivers. Their height is 2-3 times smaller and their length being 10-15 times shorter. Based on heat diffusion equation, we demonstrate that more efficient cooling of a lava flow in water leads to the rapid development of thicker (by 25%) cooled layer at the flow surface, which has greater yield strength to counteract its internal hydrostatic pressure than in subaerial environments, thus limiting lava breakouts to form new lobes, hence promoting inflation. Buoyancy also increases the ability of a lava to inflate by 60%. Together, these differences can account for the observed variations in the thickness and extent of subaerial and subaqueous inflated lava flows