8 research outputs found
Photomolecular Effect: Visible Light Interaction with Air-Water Interface
Although water is almost transparent to visible light, we demonstrate that
the air-water interface interacts strongly with visible light via what we
hypothesize as the photomolecular effect. In this effect, transverse-magnetic
polarized photons cleave off water clusters from the air-water interface. We
use over 10 different experiments to demonstrate the existence of this effect
and its dependence on the wavelength, incident angle and polarization of
visible light. We further demonstrate that visible light heats up thin fogs,
suggesting that this process can impact weather, climate, and the earth's water
cycle. Our study suggests that the photomolecular effect should happen widely
in nature, from clouds to fogs, ocean to soil surfaces, and plant
transpiration, and can also lead to new applications in energy and clear water
Recommended from our members
Research on the electric life evaluation technology of the arc extinguishing chamber of the 550 kV circuit breaker
When the circuit breaker is switched on and off, the phenomenon of arc ablation will occur. Under the action of the electric arc, the surface of the contact is constantly damaged, resulting in deformation and material evaporation. With the increase in the electric arc temperature, the material loss on the contact surface of the circuit breaker increases. In this paper, according to the three major factors affecting the electrical life of the circuit breaker arc extinguishing chamber—the state of the arc contact, the nozzle, and the SF6 gas—the corresponding test detection methods and evaluation methods are proposed. With the continuous accumulation of the breaking current, the effective contact displacement between the arc contacts decreases and the average contact resistance increases. The effective contact displacement decreases exponentially with the increase in the cumulative breaking energy. The content of CF4 can be used not only to characterize the discharge ablation on the surface of the nozzle insulating material but also to characterize the discharge decomposition degree of SF6 in the system by adding carbonaceous compounds. Through the experiment, it is suggested that CF4 should reach 600 µl/l as the threshold for judging whether the arc extinguishing chamber needs maintenance. This method can be extended to the working condition evaluation of the arc extinguishing chamber of other types of the SF6 circuit breaker.
</p
Thermally Regenerative Flow Batteries with pH Neutral Electrolytes for Harvesting Low-Grade Heat
Harvesting waste heat with temperatures lower than 100 oC can improve system
efficiency and reduce greenhouse gas emissions, yet it has been a longstanding
and challenging task. Electrochemical methods for harvesting low-grade heat
have attracted research interest in recent years due to the relatively high
effective temperature coefficient of the electrolytes (> 1 mV/K) compared with
the thermopower of traditional thermoelectric devices. Comparing with other
electrochemical devices such as temperature-variation based thermally
regenerative electrochemical cycle and temperature-difference based
thermogalvanic cells, the thermally regenerative flow battery (TRFB) has the
advantages of providing a continuous power output, decoupling the heat source
and heat sink and recuperating heat, and compatible with stacking for scaling
up. However, TRFB suffers from the issue of stable operation due to the
challenge of pH matching between catholyte and anolyte solutions with desirable
temperature coefficients. In this work, we demonstrate a PH-neutral TRFB based
on KI/KI3 and K3Fe(CN)6/K4Fe(CN)6 as the catholyte and anolyte, respectively,
with a cell temperature coefficient of 1.9 mV/K and a power density of 9
uW/cm2. This work also presents a comprehensive model with a coupled analysis
of mass transfer and reaction kinetics in a porous electrode that can
accurately capture the flow rate dependence of power density and energy
conversion efficiency. We estimate that the efficiency of the pH-neutral TRFB
can reach 11% of the Carnot efficiency at the maximum power output with a
temperature difference of 37 K. Via analysis, we identify that the mass
transfer overpotential inside the porous electrode and the resistance of the
ion exchange membrane are the two major factors limiting the efficiency and
power density, pointing to directions for future improvements
Plausible photomolecular effect leading to water evaporation exceeding the thermal limit
We report in this work several unexpected experimental observations on evaporation from hydrogels under visible light illumination. 1) Partially wetted hydrogels become absorbing in the visible spectral range, where the absorption by both the water and the hydrogel materials is negligible. 2) Illumination of hydrogel under solar or visible-spectrum light-emitting diode leads to evaporation rates exceeding the thermal evaporation limit, even in hydrogels without additional absorbers. 3) The evaporation rates are wavelength dependent, peaking at 520 nm. 4) Temperature of the vapor phase becomes cooler under light illumination and shows a flat region due to breaking-up of the clusters that saturates air. And 5) vapor phase transmission spectra under light show new features and peak shifts. We interpret these observations by introducing the hypothesis that photons in the visible spectrum can cleave water clusters off surfaces due to large electrical field gradients and quadrupole force on molecular clusters. We call the light-induced evaporation process the photomolecular effect. The photomolecular evaporation might be happening widely in nature, potentially impacting climate and plants’ growth, and can be exploited for clean water and energy technologies
Stretchable Anti‐Fogging Tapes for Diverse Transparent Materials
Surface wetting prevents surface fogging on transparent materials by facilitating filmwise condensation with specific chemistry, but suffers from material and geometry selectivity. Extreme environments associated with high humidity and mechanical loading further limit their anti-fogging persistence. Here, a stretchable anti-fogging tape (SAT) that can be applied to diverse transparent materials with varied curvatures for persistent fogging prevention is reported. The SAT consists of three synergistically combined transparent layers: i) a stretchable and tough layer with large elastic recovery, ii) an endurant anti-fogging layer insensitive to ambient humidity, and iii) a robustly and reversibly adhesive layer. The SAT maintains high total transmittance (>90%) and low diffuse transmittance (<5%) in high-humidity environments, under various modes of mechanical deformations, and over a prolonged lifetime (193 days tested so far). Two applications are demonstrated, including the SAT-adhered eyeglasses and goggles for clear fog-free vision, and the SAT-adhered condensation cover for efficient solar-powered freshwater production
DNA methylation biomarkers for nasopharyngeal carcinoma.
BACKGROUND:Aberrant methylation of DNA plays an important role in the pathogenesis of nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). In the current study, we aimed to integrate three cohorts profile datasets to identify abnormally methylated-differentially expressed genes and pathways associated with NPC. METHODS:Data of gene expression microarrays (GSE53819, GSE412452) and gene methylation microarrays (GSE52068) obtained from the GEO database. Aberrantly methylated differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were obtained by GEO2R. The David database was utilized to perform enrichment and functional analysis regarding selected genes. To create a protein-protein interaction (PPI), STRING and Cytoscape software were utilized. The MCODE was used for module analysis of the PPI network. RESULTS:In total, 181 hypomethylation-high expression genes were identified, which were enriched in the biological mechanisms involved in the differentiation of endodermal cell, mitotic nuclear division, mitotic cell cycle process, chromosome segregation and cell cycle phase transition, etc. Pathway enrichment showed ECM-receptor interaction, PI3K-Akt signaling pathway, Focal adhesion, Protein digestion and absorption and Amoebiasis, etc. The top 3 hub genes of PPI network were FANCI, POSTN, and IFIH1. Additionally, 210 hypermethylation-low expression genes were identified, and our data revealed enrichment in biological processes including axoneme assembly, micro tubular formation, assembly of axonemal dynein complex, cilium movement and cilium organization, etc. Pathway analysis indicated enrichment in B cell receptor signaling pathway, Hematopoietic cell lineage, Leukocyte transendothelial migration, Complement and coagulation cascades and Fc gamma R-mediated phagocytosis, etc. The ZMYND10, PACRG and POU2AF1 were identified as the top three hub genes of PPI network. After validation in TCGA and GEPIA database, most hub genes remained significant. Patients with high expression of POSTN found to have shorter overall survival, while in patients with high expression of ZMYND10 and POU2AF1 longer overall survival was identified. CONCLUSIONS:The data revealed novel aberrantly methylated-differentially expressed genes and pathways in NPC by bioinformatics analysis, potentially providing novel insights for the molecular mechanisms governing NPC progression. Hub genes including FANCI, POSTN, IFIH1, ZMYND10, PACRG and POU2AF1 might serve as novel biomarkers for precision diagnosis and providing medical treatment for patient with NPC