Dall'ultimo periodo feudale al primo cinquantennio unitario

A Santulussurgiu, solo una parte relativamente modesta del territorio apparteneva durante l'età moderna alla comunità che vi esercitava gratuitamente i tradizionali usi civici detti di ademprivio. Le maggiori estensioni di terreno incolto erano di proprietà del demanio statale e feudale. Su queste, l'attività dei Lussurgesi si svolgeva secondo antichi ritmi dedita al pascolo, allo sfruttamento dei ghiandiferi ed all'utilizzo della legna dei boschi, previo pagamento di tributi di vario genere. Il plurisecolare persistere del sistema feudale aveva anche favorito il fenomeno della comunanza di numerosi terreni tra villaggi confinanti appartenenti in genere alle stesse casate signorili. Sempre più spesso, man mano che la popolazione aumentava e con essa la fame di terra, sorgevano liti e contestazioni tra le comunità limitrofe relativamente alle delimitazioni ed all'uso del territorio che talvolta non erano rispettati. Queste vicende raggiunsero momenti di particolare conflittualità proprio nel corso del XIX secolo

High-energy synchrotron X-ray tomography coupled with digital image correlation highlights likely failure points inside ITER toroidal field conductors

From Springer Nature via Jisc Publications RouterHistory: received 2021-02-01, accepted 2021-10-22, registration 2021-11-09, pub-electronic 2021-11-30, online 2021-11-30, collection 2021-12Publication status: PublishedFunder: Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council; doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100000266; Grant(s): EP/M010619/1Abstract: Two sections of heat-treated (HT) and non-heat-treated (NHT) Cable-in-Conduit Conductor (CICC) of a design similar to the ITER tokomak have been imaged using very high energy X-ray tomography at the ESRF beamline ID19. The sample images were collected at four temperatures down to 77 K. These results showed a greater degree of movement, bundle distortion and touching strands in the NHT sample. The HT sample showed non-linear movements with temperature especially close to 77 K; increasing non-circularity of the superconducting fibre bundles towards the periphery of the CICC, and touching bundles throughout the CICC. The images have highlighted where future design might improve potential weakness, in particular at the outer perimeters of the conductor and the individual sub-cable, ‘petal’ wraps

Summary of the Test Results of ITER Conductors in SULTAN

Abstract. After completing the qualification tests of the ITER cable-in-conduit conductors (CICC), the tests of samples from the series manufacture are running in the SULTAN test facility in Villigen, Switzerland. The key test for the conductor samples is the current sharing temperature, Tcs, at the nominal operating field and current, i.e. the maximum temperature at which the conductors operate before developing an electric field of 10 μV/m. All the TF samples fulfilled the ITER requirement of Tcs ≥ 5.8 K after 1000 load cycles. The Tcs results have a broad scattering among the suppliers, from 5.8 K up to 6.6 K. The assembly of the Nb3Sn based CICC samples (for TF and CS coils) is carried out at CRPP. The NbTi CICC samples (for PF, CC and bus bars) are assembled at the suppliers, with a U-bend replacing the bottom joint. The poor performance of some Main Busbar (MB) conductor samples, caused by poor sample assembly, triggered the effort to assemble a MB sample at CRPP with solder filled terminations and a bottom joint. The superior test results of the MB-CRPP sample, closely matching the performance assessment carried out using 3-D field distribution and n-index behavior was a successful achievement of the last year of operation. According to the Procurement Arrangement for the ITER coils, the winding companies must qualify the joint and termination manufacture by SULTAN samples. The first joint sample tested in SULTAN was a TF joint from EU, followed by a Correction Coil (CC) joint sample from China. Other joint samples are being assembled in USA (Central Solenoid), in Russia (PF1), in EU (PF2 - PF5) and in China (PF6). All the ITER coils use the “twin box” design for joints, except the Central Solenoid. At the first test in SULTAN of a twin-box TF joint sample in 2013, an unexpected resistance increase was observed after an accidental dump of the SULTAN field, causing a large field transient parallel to the joint contact surface, with large eddy currents and electromagnetic loads at the pressure-contact between strand bundle and copper plate of the twin box. The resistance requirement for the TF joint was still fulfilled after the dump. The initial performance of the joint sample for Correction Coil conductor was not satisfactory and a second qualification sample is being prepared

Характеристика пациентов с первичной цилиарной дискинезией

Primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD) (Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man - OMIM - #242650) is a rare hereditary disease, which is based on a defect in the ultrastructure of the cilia epithelium of the respiratory tract which leads to the motor function disorder. Data about health characteristics of patients with PCD in the Russian Federation are incomplete.The aim of the study was to investigate the clinical, laboratory, and instrumental characteristics of patients with PCD.Methods. The data of 90 patients (22 adults (24.4%) and 68 children (75.6%)) from several medical centers were studied. The following methods were used: medical history, spirometry, microbiological examination of the respiratory tract, video microscopic analysis of the functional activity of the nasal mucosa ciliated epithelium, transmission electron microscopy of the ciliated epithelium, and DNA testing.Results. The median age at diagnosis was 17.0 years for adults and 5.0 years for children. Kartagener syndrome was detected in 23 (27%) people, including 6 (26.0%) adults. Hearing loss was noted in 5 (26.3%) adult patients and 15 (26.8%) children. Light microscopy of the ciliated epithelium was performed in 14 (82.3%) children and 3 (17.7%) adults. In 12 patients, cilia motor activity was not registered at each of the magnifications (x 100, x 400, x 1,000). Transmission electron microscopy showed that absence ofinternal and external dynein handles (51%) and absence of internal dynein handles (17.9%) were the most common disorders. DNA testing was performed in 55 (61.2%) patients: 16 (29.1%) adults and 38 (70.9%) children. The most common genetic variants were found in the DNAH5 and HYDIN genes. Lung function was reduced in both adults and children, but a significant decrease was noted in adult patients. P. aeruginosa predominated in the culture and accounted for 21.3% (intermittent detection in 13.2%, persistent detection in 9%). It has increased resistance to antibiotics.Conclusion. The results correlate with the European data. Infection caused by P. aeruginosa with the increased resistance to antibiotics was prevalent in patienths with PCD.Первичная цилиарная дискинезия (ПЦД) (код по медицинской базе данных известных заболеваний с генетическим компонентом и генов, ответственных за их развитие, «Менделевское наследование у человека» (Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man — OMIM — #242650) — редкое наследственное заболевание, основу которого составляет дефект ультраструктуры ресничек эпителия респираторного тракта и аналогичных им структур, что приводит к нарушению их двигательной функции. В Российской Федерации информации о характеристиках здоровья пациентов с ПЦД недостаточно.Целью исследования являлось изучение клинико-лабораторной и инструментальной характеристики пациентов с ПЦД.Материалы и методы. Изучены данные пациентов (n = 90: 22 (24,4 %) взрослых и 68 (75,6 %) детей) из нескольких медицинских центров. При обследовании использовались анамнестический метод, спирометрия, микробиологическое исследование дыхательного тракта, видеомикроскопический анализ функциональной активности реснитчатого эпителия слизистой оболочки носа, трансмиссионная электронная микроскопия реснитчатого эпителия, ДНК-диагностика.Результаты. Медиана возраста установления диагноза у взрослых составила 17,0 лет, среди детей — 5,0 лет. Синдром Картагенера выявлен у 23 (27 %) больных, из них 6 (26,0 %) взрослых. В анамнезе пациентов преобладали рецидивирующие бронхиты, пневмонии, отиты. Снижение слуха отмечено у 5 (26,3 %) взрослых пациентов и 15 (26,8 %) детей. Световая микроскопия реснитчатого эпителия выполнена у 14 (82,3 %) детей и 3 (17,7 %) взрослых. У 12 (3 взрослых и 9 детей) пациентов двигательной активности ресничек на каждом из увеличений микроскопа (к 100, к 400, х 1 000) не зарегистрировано. При трансмиссионной электронной микроскопии чаще встречалось полное отсутствие наружных и внутренних динеиновых ручек (51 %) и внутренних динеиновых ручек (17,9 %). Молекулярногенетическое исследование выполнено у 55 (61,2 %) пациентов (16 (29,1 %) взрослых и 38 (70,9 %) детей). Наиболее часто встречались генетические варианты в генах DNAH5 и HYDIN. Функция легких была снижена как у взрослых, так и у детей, но в значительной степени снижение отмечено у взрослых пациентов. В микробиологических посевах превалирует Pseudomonas aeruginosa — 21,3 % (интер-миттирующий высев — у 13,2 %, хронический высев — у 9 %), обладающая повышенной резистентностью к антибактериальным препаратам (АБП).Заключение. Полученные результаты коррелируют с европейскими данными. У пациентов с ПЦД обнаружено преобладание инфекции, вызванной P. aeruginosa, характеризуемой повышенной резистентностью к АБП

Studying the influence of the thermal and deformation treatment on the destruction of the construction steel with a view to improving the operational properties

The destruction processes taking place in the construction carbon steel at the different methods of effect on it have been studied. The work is aimed at studying the laws of the destruction processes of the construction steel depending on the composition and treatment, at the developing of the plain technological method for the determination of the destruction point, at creating the methods of strengthening and check of the items hindering with the development of the destruction or revealing the destruction processes. Established have been the laws of changes of defect of the module of elasticity, internal friction and signals of acoustic emission with the development of the destruction processes. The effect of restoration of plasticity with the low-cycle load has been detected. The process of strengthening of bushing on the base of the effect of restoration of plasticity with the alturnating deformation has been developed; the method of the non-destruction method of checking has been improved. The method of non-destructive method of check has been introduced in the SPA MASHINOSTROITEL. The possibility of the 100-percent control but not random has been obtained. The field of application: the enterprises of the machine construction industryAvailable from VNTIC / VNTIC - Scientific & Technical Information Centre of RussiaSIGLERURussian Federatio

The use of Nb3Sn in fusion: Lessons learned from the ITER production including options for management of performance degradation

The overall 30 year Nb3Sn conductor program for ITER provides an unusual opportunity to look at the issues created by the application of novel Nb3Sn technology on a large scale. ITER design criteria have evolved to make use of the features of the industrialized material, exploiting advantages as well as managing the disadvantages. There are lessons from the successes and failures to be learned for the future application of very high current Nb3Sn strands in fusion and high energy physics. The behaviour of Nb3Sn strands in the large compound ITER conductors is still producing surprises after 25 years of development, industrial production and testing, with the Nb3Sn strain sensitivity and brittleness producing many more subtle design impacts than originally foreseen. The results now obtained at the end of the ITER production suggest that, as a novelty for Nb3Sn, there are options for conditioning the strands in the ITER conductors that can be applied during commissioning and which could reduce the impact of brittleness by as much as one third

El impacto y la percepción de nuevos formatos de ventas al detal en Colombia : caso Tienda D1

El propósito de este trabajo de investigación es conocer el impacto y percepción que tienen los consumidores de la ciudad de Cali sobre los nuevos formatos de ventas al detal, siendo estos específicamente las tiendas de descuento. El foco de esta investigación son las Tiendas D1, las cuales en los últimos años se han posicionado muy bien en el mercado gracias a su propuesta de valor de ahorro en costos. De esta manera el comprador se beneficia al adquirir productos a precios bajos. Los resultados obtenidos demuestran que los consumidores perciben este tipo de tiendas como establecimientos complementarios para realizar las compras de determinados productos. Además, generan un impacto positivo en el desarrollo económico del país al abastecerse de proveedores nacionale

Advanced mechanical modeling of cyclically loaded cable-in-conduit conductors for fusion magnets

International audienc

Advanced Modeling of Electromagnetic Loading of Cable-in-Conduit Conductors for Fusion Magnets

International audienceThe electrical performance degradation of Nb 3 Sn cables in the Cable-in-Conduit Conductors CICC has been well documented in literature. The Nb 3 Sn composite strands exhibit a critical current density that strongly depends on the strain state of the superconducting filaments. During a fusion magnet operation, the conductors are submitted to several electromagnetic and thermal cycles affecting the Nb 3 Sn mechanical state and consequently the capacity of the conductors to transport current. Different studies based on both a macroscopic and microscopic approaches have been performed so far to identify the mechanisms determining the conductors' behavior. Nevertheless, no theory permitting to predict the electrical performance of cyclically loaded conductors has been developed yet. Therefore, a solid electromechanical model able to tackle the analysis of CICC for fusion cables when they undergo thousands of cyclic loadings would be very useful. In this paper an advanced mechanical model to study the mechanical behavior of ITER TF CICC based on an improved version of the MULTIFIL finite element code is presented. A correction is introduced to solve the problem of the large impact of the boundary conditions in the simulation of the thermal loading, encountered in a previous work. A novel methodology to identify the value of thermal strain to be applied in cool-down simulations has also been developed. The model was adapted to take into account the Lorentz force cumulative effect of the other petals on the one under analysis. An assessment of the electromagnetic behavior based on the mechanical analysis is also presented