The Maunakea Spectroscopic Explorer Book 2018

(Abridged) This is the Maunakea Spectroscopic Explorer 2018 book. It is intended as a concise reference guide to all aspects of the scientific and technical design of MSE, for the international astronomy and engineering communities, and related agencies. The current version is a status report of MSE's science goals and their practical implementation, following the System Conceptual Design Review, held in January 2018. MSE is a planned 10-m class, wide-field, optical and near-infrared facility, designed to enable transformative science, while filling a critical missing gap in the emerging international network of large-scale astronomical facilities. MSE is completely dedicated to multi-object spectroscopy of samples of between thousands and millions of astrophysical objects. It will lead the world in this arena, due to its unique design capabilities: it will boast a large (11.25 m) aperture and wide (1.52 sq. degree) field of view; it will have the capabilities to observe at a wide range of spectral resolutions, from R2500 to R40,000, with massive multiplexing (4332 spectra per exposure, with all spectral resolutions available at all times), and an on-target observing efficiency of more than 80%. MSE will unveil the composition and dynamics of the faint Universe and is designed to excel at precision studies of faint astrophysical phenomena. It will also provide critical follow-up for multi-wavelength imaging surveys, such as those of the Large Synoptic Survey Telescope, Gaia, Euclid, the Wide Field Infrared Survey Telescope, the Square Kilometre Array, and the Next Generation Very Large Array.Comment: 5 chapters, 160 pages, 107 figure

Critical review on biofilm methods

Biofilms are widespread in nature and constitute an important strategy implemented by microorganisms to survive in sometimes harsh environmental conditions. They can be beneficial or have a negative impact particularly when formed in industrial settings or on medical devices. As such, research into the formation and elimination of biofilms is important for many disciplines. Several new methodologies have been recently developed for, or adapted to, biofilm studies that have contributed to deeper knowledge on biofilm physiology, structure and composition. In this review, traditional and cutting-edge methods to study biofilm biomass, viability, structure, composition and physiology are addressed. Moreover, as there is a lack of consensus among the diversity of techniques used to grow and study biofilms. This review intends to remedy this, by giving a critical perspective, highlighting the advantages and limitations of several methods. Accordingly, this review aims at helping scientists in finding the most appropriate and up-to-date methods to study their biofilms.The authors would like to acknowledge the support from the EU COST Action BacFoodNet FA1202

Synthèse par pulvérisation cathodique magnétron et caractérisations de films minces d'oxyde de tungstène électrochrome WO3 et NaxWOy

Electrochromic systems, whose optical properties change under the effect of an electrical excitation, see an increasing interest because they allow a control of optical properties in the visible and near infrared. The aim, initiated in previous works, is to optimize the synthesis of 300 nm thin films by magnetron sputtering to be integrated into a future electrochromic "all ceramic" device based on sodium conduction. In this PhD, two materials forming the system have been studied. The first material is the tungsten oxide, known to serve as the electrochromic layer in devices. The synthesized layers possess mixed conducting properties, an amorphous structure and a porous morphology allowing the intercalation of sodium cations. A degradation of the WO3 film due to redhibitory reactivity towards water was observed. To eliminate this reactivity, two solutions were tested: a non-aqueous cycling or covering of the initial film by depositing a solid electrolyte of the type NaSICon. The oxygen stoichiometry of the films, allowed to tune the electronic conductivity, the absorption in the visible and the ability of the film to exchange Na+ cations. The second studied material is a pre-inserted NaxWOy sodium tungsten oxide. The influence of the synthesis conditions and of the sodium content on the various properties of the films was investigated. These properties were then compared with those obtained for the WO3 films and those of NaxWO3 tungsten bronzes reported in the literature.Les systèmes électrochromes, dont les propriétés optiques changent sous l’effet d’une excitation électrique, suscitent un intérêt croissant dû au fait qu’ils permettent un contrôle des propriétés optiques dans le domaine du visible et du proche infrarouge. Le but, initié dans des travaux précédents, vise à optimiser la synthèse, par pulvérisation cathodique magnétron, de films minces d’une épaisseur de 300 nm pouvant être intégrés dans un futur dispositif électrochrome « tout céramique » à conduction de sodium. Dans ce travail de thèse, deux matériaux constituant ce dispositif ont été étudiés. Le premier concerné est l’oxyde de tungstène, connu pour servir de couche électrochrome dans les dispositifs. Les couches synthétisées possèdent des propriétés de conduction mixte, une structure amorphe et une morphologie poreuse permettant l’intercalation de cations de sodium Na+ en son sein. Une dégradation du film de WO3 due à une réactivité rédhibitoire vis-à-vis de l’eau a été observée. Pour éliminer cela, deux solutions ont été testées : un cyclage en milieu non aqueux ou le recouvrement du film par un électrolyte solide de type NaSICon. La stoechiométrie en oxygène des films, a permis de régler la conductivité électronique, l’absorption dans le visible et la capacité des films à échanger des ions Na+. Le second matériau étudié est un oxyde de tungstène pré-inséré en sodium NaxWOy. L’influence des conditions de synthèse et celle de la teneur en sodium sur les différentes propriétés des films a été étudiée. Ces propriétés ont ensuite été comparées à celles obtenues pour les films de WO3 et pour des bronzes de tungstène NaxWO3 reportées dans la littérature

Synthesis by cathodic magnetron sputtering and characterizations of thin films of electrochromic tungsten oxide WO3 and NaxWOy

Les systèmes électrochromes, dont les propriétés optiques changent sous l’effet d’une excitation électrique, suscitent un intérêt croissant dû au fait qu’ils permettent un contrôle des propriétés optiques dans le domaine du visible et du proche infrarouge. Le but, initié dans des travaux précédents, vise à optimiser la synthèse, par pulvérisation cathodique magnétron, de films minces d’une épaisseur de 300 nm pouvant être intégrés dans un futur dispositif électrochrome « tout céramique » à conduction de sodium. Dans ce travail de thèse, deux matériaux constituant ce dispositif ont été étudiés. Le premier concerné est l’oxyde de tungstène, connu pour servir de couche électrochrome dans les dispositifs. Les couches synthétisées possèdent des propriétés de conduction mixte, une structure amorphe et une morphologie poreuse permettant l’intercalation de cations de sodium Na+ en son sein. Une dégradation du film de WO3 due à une réactivité rédhibitoire vis-à-vis de l’eau a été observée. Pour éliminer cela, deux solutions ont été testées : un cyclage en milieu non aqueux ou le recouvrement du film par un électrolyte solide de type NaSICon. La stoechiométrie en oxygène des films, a permis de régler la conductivité électronique, l’absorption dans le visible et la capacité des films à échanger des ions Na+. Le second matériau étudié est un oxyde de tungstène pré-inséré en sodium NaxWOy. L’influence des conditions de synthèse et celle de la teneur en sodium sur les différentes propriétés des films a été étudiée. Ces propriétés ont ensuite été comparées à celles obtenues pour les films de WO3 et pour des bronzes de tungstène NaxWO3 reportées dans la littérature.Electrochromic systems, whose optical properties change under the effect of an electrical excitation, see an increasing interest because they allow a control of optical properties in the visible and near infrared. The aim, initiated in previous works, is to optimize the synthesis of 300 nm thin films by magnetron sputtering to be integrated into a future electrochromic "all ceramic" device based on sodium conduction. In this PhD, two materials forming the system have been studied. The first material is the tungsten oxide, known to serve as the electrochromic layer in devices. The synthesized layers possess mixed conducting properties, an amorphous structure and a porous morphology allowing the intercalation of sodium cations. A degradation of the WO3 film due to redhibitory reactivity towards water was observed. To eliminate this reactivity, two solutions were tested: a non-aqueous cycling or covering of the initial film by depositing a solid electrolyte of the type NaSICon. The oxygen stoichiometry of the films, allowed to tune the electronic conductivity, the absorption in the visible and the ability of the film to exchange Na+ cations. The second studied material is a pre-inserted NaxWOy sodium tungsten oxide. The influence of the synthesis conditions and of the sodium content on the various properties of the films was investigated. These properties were then compared with those obtained for the WO3 films and those of NaxWO3 tungsten bronzes reported in the literature

Towards enhanced durability of electrochromic WO3 interfaced with liquid or ceramic sodium-based electrolytes

International audienc

Coloration mechanism of electrochromic Na x WO3 thin films

International audienceThe coloration mechanism of tungsten trioxide (WO3) upon insertion of alkali ions is still under debate after several decades of research. This Letter provides new insights into the reversible insertion and coloration mechanisms of Na+ ions in WO3 thin films sputter-deposited on ITO/glass substrates. A unique model based on a constrained spline approach was developed and applied to draw out ε1+iε2 from spectroscopic ellipsometry data from 0.6 to 4.8 eV whatever the state of the electrochromic active layer, i.e. as-deposited, colored or bleached. It is shown that electrochemically intercalated sodium-tungsten trioxide, NaxWO3 (x=0.1, 0.2, 0.35), exhibits an absorption band centered at ca.1.14 eV in 2 governing the coloration mechanism