DANSK and DaCy 2.6.0: Domain Generalization of Danish Named Entity Recognition

Named entity recognition is one of the cornerstones of Danish NLP, essential for language technology applications within both industry and research. However, Danish NER is inhibited by a lack of available datasets. As a consequence, no current models are capable of fine-grained named entity recognition, nor have they been evaluated for potential generalizability issues across datasets and domains. To alleviate these limitations, this paper introduces: 1) DANSK: a named entity dataset providing for high-granularity tagging as well as within-domain evaluation of models across a diverse set of domains; 2) DaCy 2.6.0 that includes three generalizable models with fine-grained annotation; and 3) an evaluation of current state-of-the-art models' ability to generalize across domains. The evaluation of existing and new models revealed notable performance discrepancies across domains, which should be addressed within the field. Shortcomings of the annotation quality of the dataset and its impact on model training and evaluation are also discussed. Despite these limitations, we advocate for the use of the new dataset DANSK alongside further work on the generalizability within Danish NER

Good and Evil in Indian Buddhism: The five Sins of Immediate Retribution

Asian Studie

Studies in Dhāraṇī Literature II: Pragmatics of Dhāraṇīs

This article is one of a series that reassesses the dhāraṇī texts of Mahāyāna Buddhism. The article seeks to examine dhāraṇī texts by using the linguistic tools of pragmatics, especially historical pragmatics, to assist the understanding of their statements. Rather than the meaning of the term dhāraṇī as a subject term, the domain of truth-conditional semantics, this paper examines statements in texts labelled dhāraṇī. Pragmatics examines meaning in context, and the categories of speech acts developed by Searle has been especially helpful in mapping out differences within such texts and the formalization of statements across texts. The grammaticalization of specific speech elements, especially interjections, in the context of mantra-dhāraṇīs is also discussed

Der Bünauische Geschlechts und Tugend-Adel/ So An dem/ Von denen ... Herrn Günthern von Bünau/ uf Meinewe ... Cammer-Rathen und Rath/ und der Zeit ... Geschlechts-Aeltisten/ Wie auch Herrn Rudolphen von Bünau/ uf Thürnhoff ... Lieutnant, und Beysitzern/ angestalten Geschlechts-Convent derer sämbtlichen Herren Vettern von Bünau : Gehalten zu Naumburg im Schöffel/ Den 1. Iunii 1687.

Aus gehorsambster Dienst-Bezeugung ... übergeben wolte ... Johann Gottfried Trenckner/ LL. Stud

Voice markers of neuropsychiatric disorders: assessing the generalizability performance of machine learning models

This research explores the potential of machine learning (ML) in identifying vocal markers for schizophrenia. While previous research showed that voice-based ML models can accurately predict schizophrenia diagnosis and symptoms, it is unclear to what extent such ML markers generalize to different clinical subpopulations and languages: the assessment of generalization performance is however crucial for testing their clinical applicability. We systematically examined voice-based ML model performance on a large cross-linguistic dataset (3 languages: Danish, German, Chinese). Employing a rigorous pipeline to minimize overfitting, including cross-validated training sets and multilingual models, we assessed generalization on participants with schizophrenia and controls speaking the same or different languages. Model performance was comparable to state-of-the art findings (F1-score ~ 0.75) within the same language; however, models did not generalize well - showing a substantial decrease - when tested on new languages, and the performance of multilingual models was also generally low (F1-score ~ 0.50)

Suppression of nitric oxide formation by tyrosine kinase inhibitors in murine N9 microglia

1. Microglial cells represent the first line of defence in the brain against infection and damage. However, under conditions of chronic inflammation and neurodegeneration, excessive activation of microglia can contribute to the neurodegenerative process by releasing a cornucopia of potentially cytotoxic substances including the cytotoxic free radical nitric oxide (NO). Although the cell signalling events implicated in NO formation in peripheral macrophages are well defined, events occurring in the phenotypically homologous cerebral microglial cell are not yet fully characterized. 2. In the present study, a cloned murine microglial cell line (N9), stimulated with combined lipopolysaccharide/interferon-γ (LPS/IFN) incubation, was shown to produce a significant increase in NO formation, as measured by medium nitrite levels, during 8–72 h exposure. 3. LPS/IFN-stimulated NO production was partially inhibited with the nitric oxide synthase (NOS) competitive antagonists; N(ω)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester and N(ω)-nitro-L-arginine. The ability of the selective inducible (iNOS) inhibitor, aminoguanidine, but not the selective `neuronal-type' constitutive (cNOS) inhibitor 7-nitroindazole, to inhibit NO production suggested a primary role of iNOS in this response and was confirmed by immunolabelling of activated cells with a specific iNOS antibody. 4. A series of tyrosine kinase inhibitors, herbimycin A, genestein, tyrphostins, AG-126, AG-556 and the tyrosine phosphatase inhibitors, sodium orthovanadate and phenylarsine oxide, significantly attenuated LPS/IFN-mediated NO production. The serine/threonine kinase inhibitors, staursporine (protein kinase C), H-9 (cyclic GMP/cyclic AMP-dependent kinase) or serine/threonine phosphatase inhibitors, cyclosporin A (phosphatase 2B) and okadaic acid (phosphatase 1/2A), reduced NO formation by an apparent cytostatic mechanism, as determined by cellular reduction of 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yi)-2,5-diphenyl-tetrazolium bromide (MTT). 5. The present results suggest that the co-ordinated activation of protein tyrosine kinases/phosphatases, and proximal signalling events implicating the interplay between serine-threonine kinases/phosphatases, is intricately linked with inflammatory mediated mechanisms of iNOS activation in microglial cells by regulating the activation of the transcription factor NFκB