Práctica de laboratorio: Microscopía I

Presentación para apoyar el trabajo en el aula del alumnado del Grado en Educación Primaria en la primera sesión de las prácticas de laboratorio sobre microscopía

Factors to consider from education to promote an image of science and technology with a gender perspective

The image of science influences on the decision of girls when opting for studies related to STEM disciplines, since in many cases they are perceived as masculine, due to the image promoted from different areas of society, including the education system. Consequently, women do not feel identified with these disciplines, and prejudices and beliefs are generated that promote the well-known gender gap that exists in these areas. Therefore, this article sets out the considerations to be taken into account from science and technology education to avoid showing an image of science as individual, stereotyped and elitist, among other aspects, and, ultimately, to promote an image of science and technology with a gender perspective. It is necessary to transform curricular content and teacher training following these considerations, so that students perceive a realistic image of science and technology. This will have a positive influence by minimising the Pygmalion effect that occurs in girls and helping to combat social inequality that generates the under-representation of women in scientific-technological fields.This work was supported by Ministery of Science, Innovation and Universities of Spain Goverment [PGC2018-094114-A-I00]. // Funding for open access charge: Universidad de Málaga / CBU

Analizando la alfabetización en salud sobre COVID-19 del profesorado en formación inicial

This study analyses the level of health literacy exhibited by 44 Primary Education pre-service teachers (PST) after participating in an argument-driven inquiry around the socio-scientific dilemma of vaccination on COVID-19 and the subsequent elaboration of educational transpositions for its treatment in the science classroom. Employing the ADI rubric (argument-driven inquiry), which evaluates the understanding of the content and the scientific context associated with these educational approaches, we value the degree of acquisition of each one of them. The scores obtained in the rubric (high, medium and low) and qualitative analysis of the proposals designed are linked to the different hierarchy levels of health literacy (functional, communicative and critical) to give an idea of the degree of acquisition. The results show a medium-high grade in the functional and communicative levels, and a low grade in the critical level, the latter associated with the development of community actions in the educational field, revealing the need to deepen in training actions that involve these teachers in the social role of science. Keywords: Pre-service teaching, Primary Education, COVID-19, health literacy, inquiry-based science education, argumentation.  Este estudio analiza el nivel de alfabetización en salud que muestran 44 maestros y maestras en formación inicial del grado de Educación Primaria (PFI), tras participar en una actividad de indagación dirigida por la argumentación en torno al dilema socio-científico de la vacunación sobre COVID-19 y la posterior elaboración de transposiciones didácticas que estos futuros docentes diseñaron como sus propuestas de enseñanza para el tratamiento en el aula de ciencias. Empleando la rúbrica IDA (indagación dirigida por la argumentación), que evalúa la comprensión del contenido y el contexto científicos asociados a estos enfoques didácticos, valoramos el grado de adquisición de cada uno de ellos alcanzado por estos futuros docentes. Las puntuaciones obtenidas en la rúbrica (alta, media y baja) y el análisis cualitativo de las propuestas didácticas que diseñaron se vinculan con los diferentes niveles de jerarquía de la alfabetización en salud (funcional, comunicativo y crítico) para dar una idea del grado de adquisición. Los resultados muestran un grado medio-alto en los niveles funcional y comunicativo, y un grado bajo en el nivel crítico, asociado este último al desarrollo de acciones comunitarias en el ámbito educativo, revelando la necesidad de profundizar en acciones formativas que involucren a este profesorado en la vertiente más social de la ciencia. Palabras clave: Formación inicial del profesorado, Educación Primaria, COVID-19, alfabetización en salud, enseñanza de las ciencias por indagación, argumentación. Analysis of health literacy on COVID-19 in Primary Education pre-service teachers. Abstract: This study analyses the level of health literacy exhibited by 44 Primary Education pre-service teachers (PST) after participating in an argument-driven inquiry around the socio-scientific dilemma of vaccination on COVID-19 and the subsequent elaboration of educational transpositions for its treatment in the science classroom. Employing the ADI rubric (argument-driven inquiry), which evaluates the understanding of the content and the scientific context associated with these educational approaches, we value the degree of acquisition of each one of them. The scores obtained in the rubric (high, medium and low) and qualitative analysis of the proposals designed are linked to the different hierarchy levels of health literacy (functional, communicative and critical) to give an idea of the degree of acquisition. The results show a medium-high grade in the functional and communicative levels, and a low grade in the critical level, the latter associated with the development of community actions in the educational field, revealing the need to deepen in training actions that involve these teachers in the social role of science. Keywords: Pre-service teaching, Primary Education, COVID-19, health literacy, inquiry-based science education, argumentation

Desarrollo de un instrumento para el análisis de libros de texto de ciencia y tecnología desde una perspectiva de género

Se presenta el proceso seguido para el desarrollo de un instrumento para el análisis de libros de texto de áreas científico-tecnológicas desde una perspectiva de género. Para el diseño del instrumento se utilizó un enfoque de investigación cualitativo, centrado en el análisis de contenido para extraer de la literatura las causas de la baja elección de estas materias por parte de las estudiantes. El diseño inicial partió del marco teórico desarrollado y fue depurándose conforme se avanzó en el análisis preliminar de varias unidades de libros de texto. El diseño final del instrumento se obtuvo tras un proceso de validación externa, una vez incorporadas las observaciones de las expertas colaboradoras.Este estudio forma parte del proyecto “Análisis didáctico de unidades de enseñanza y aprendizaje en libros de texto de matemáticas y ciencias desde una perspectiva de género” (PGC2018-094114-A-I00) financiado por Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades del Gobierno de España. Universidad de Málaga. Campus de Excelencia Internacional Andalucía Tech

Instrumentos utilizados en el cuidado de la salud física en jóvenes estudiantes: Una revisión sistemática

Introducción: El cuidado de la salud engloba hábitos que permiten conservar, un estado de bienestar, en la etapa de estudiante es donde las conductas de riesgo son la mayor parte de las causas que originan lesiones, trastornos de salud, secuelas y en ocasiones hasta la muerte. Los cuestionarios de salud son instrumentos que aportan información para conocer los problemas en la práctica de autocuidado como una técnica que reporta aspectos relacionados con alguna conducta nociva; por lo que es esencial disponer de instrumentos, que puedan ser utilizados con el propósito de establecer y promover estrategias que contribuyan al impulso de conductas saludables. Objetivo: Identificar los instrumentos de medición utilizados en el cuidado de la salud física en jóvenes estudiantes. Método: La revisión fue efectuada mediante búsqueda electrónica de artículos relacionados con el cuidado de la salud física en jóvenes estudiantes, durante los meses de enero a marzo del año 2021 Las fuentes de búsqueda fueron Redalyc SciELO, Scopus y PUBMED medigraphic. Los términos de búsqueda fueron: “cuidado de la salud”, instrumento, y jóvenes. Para esta revisión se seleccionaron los artículos publicados desde el 2016 a marzo del 2021. Resultados: Se identificaron 329 artículos de los cuales solamente 9 cumplieron los criterios de inclusión para la presente revisión. Conclusiones: La escuela es un espacio donde los jóvenes estudiantes pasan muchas horas del día, es ahí donde desarrollan posibles cambios en el estilo de vida que en conjunto con otros factores pueden impactar la salud y su desempeño académico

Delivery of Health Care by Spanish Dental Hygienists in Private and Public Dental Services during the COVID-19 De-Escalation Phase (June 2020): A Cross-Sectional Study

Background: The first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic in Spain posed a major challenge for Spanish dental professionals. The objective of this work is to describe the dental hygienists’ work status and employment patterns during the de-escalation phase in order to analyse the standards of knowledge, compliance with official recommendations, and dental activities both in the public health service and in the private sector. Material and Methods: A cross-sectional questionnaire was answered by Spanish dental hygienists via WhatsApp, Facebook, and Instagram. The questionnaire was piloted before it was distributed and carried out during June 2020. Results: Here, 517 dental hygienists were surveyed, of which 86.2% followed the official recommendations to avoid contagion and 63.8% agreed with the gradual return to work by limiting the use of aerosols. Private dental hygienists identified more with returning to work without restrictions (14.5%) versus those working for the public service (1.2%) (p < 0.005). Conclusions: Dental hygienists’ return to work has involved different strategies, aimed at controlling infection and guaranteeing the safety of patients and the rest of the dental team. The availability of personal protective equipment, the adaptation of clinical infrastructure, and patient care management have differed between professionals working in the private and public sectors

Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors and Angiotensin Receptor Blockers Withdrawal Is Associated with Higher Mortality in Hospitalized Patients with COVID-19

Our main aim was to describe the effect on the severity of ACEI (angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor) and ARB (angiotensin II receptor blocker) during COVID-19 hospitalization. A retrospective, observational, multicenter study evaluating hospitalized patients with COVID-19 treated with ACEI/ARB. The primary endpoint was the incidence of the composite outcome of prognosis (IMV (invasive mechanical ventilation), NIMV (non-invasive mechanical ventilation), ICU admission (intensive care unit), and/or all-cause mortality). We evaluated both outcomes in patients whose treatment with ACEI/ARB was continued or withdrawn. Between February and June 2020, 11,205 patients were included, mean age 67 years (SD = 16.3) and 43.1% female; 2162 patients received ACEI/ARB treatment. ACEI/ARB treatment showed lower all-cause mortality (p < 0.0001). Hypertensive patients in the ACEI/ARB group had better results in IMV, ICU admission, and the composite outcome of prognosis (p < 0.0001 for all). No differences were found in the incidence of major adverse cardiovascular events. Patients previously treated with ACEI/ARB continuing treatment during hospitalization had a lower incidence of the composite outcome of prognosis than those whose treatment was withdrawn (RR 0.67, 95%CI 0.63-0.76). ARB was associated with better survival than ACEI (HR 0.77, 95%CI 0.62-0.96). ACEI/ARB treatment during COVID-19 hospitalization was associated with protection on mortality. The benefits were greater in hypertensive, those who continue

Role of age and comorbidities in mortality of patients with infective endocarditis

[Purpose]: The aim of this study was to analyse the characteristics of patients with IE in three groups of age and to assess the ability of age and the Charlson Comorbidity Index (CCI) to predict mortality. [Methods]: Prospective cohort study of all patients with IE included in the GAMES Spanish database between 2008 and 2015.Patients were stratified into three age groups:<65 years,65 to 80 years,and ≥ 80 years.The area under the receiver-operating characteristic (AUROC) curve was calculated to quantify the diagnostic accuracy of the CCI to predict mortality risk. [Results]: A total of 3120 patients with IE (1327 < 65 years;1291 65-80 years;502 ≥ 80 years) were enrolled.Fever and heart failure were the most common presentations of IE, with no differences among age groups.Patients ≥80 years who underwent surgery were significantly lower compared with other age groups (14.3%,65 years; 20.5%,65-79 years; 31.3%,≥80 years). In-hospital mortality was lower in the <65-year group (20.3%,<65 years;30.1%,65-79 years;34.7%,≥80 years;p < 0.001) as well as 1-year mortality (3.2%, <65 years; 5.5%, 65-80 years;7.6%,≥80 years; p = 0.003).Independent predictors of mortality were age ≥ 80 years (hazard ratio [HR]:2.78;95% confidence interval [CI]:2.32–3.34), CCI ≥ 3 (HR:1.62; 95% CI:1.39–1.88),and non-performed surgery (HR:1.64;95% CI:11.16–1.58).When the three age groups were compared,the AUROC curve for CCI was significantly larger for patients aged <65 years(p < 0.001) for both in-hospital and 1-year mortality. [Conclusion]: There were no differences in the clinical presentation of IE between the groups. Age ≥ 80 years, high comorbidity (measured by CCI),and non-performance of surgery were independent predictors of mortality in patients with IE.CCI could help to identify those patients with IE and surgical indication who present a lower risk of in-hospital and 1-year mortality after surgery, especially in the <65-year group