5 research outputs found
Safety and efficacy of fluoxetine on functional outcome after acute stroke (AFFINITY): a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial
Background
Trials of fluoxetine for recovery after stroke report conflicting results. The Assessment oF FluoxetINe In sTroke recoverY (AFFINITY) trial aimed to show if daily oral fluoxetine for 6 months after stroke improves functional outcome in an ethnically diverse population.
Methods
AFFINITY was a randomised, parallel-group, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial done in 43 hospital stroke units in Australia (n=29), New Zealand (four), and Vietnam (ten). Eligible patients were adults (aged â„18 years) with a clinical diagnosis of acute stroke in the previous 2â15 days, brain imaging consistent with ischaemic or haemorrhagic stroke, and a persisting neurological deficit that produced a modified Rankin Scale (mRS) score of 1 or more. Patients were randomly assigned 1:1 via a web-based system using a minimisation algorithm to once daily, oral fluoxetine 20 mg capsules or matching placebo for 6 months. Patients, carers, investigators, and outcome assessors were masked to the treatment allocation. The primary outcome was functional status, measured by the mRS, at 6 months. The primary analysis was an ordinal logistic regression of the mRS at 6 months, adjusted for minimisation variables. Primary and safety analyses were done according to the patient's treatment allocation. The trial is registered with the Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry, ACTRN12611000774921.
Findings
Between Jan 11, 2013, and June 30, 2019, 1280 patients were recruited in Australia (n=532), New Zealand (n=42), and Vietnam (n=706), of whom 642 were randomly assigned to fluoxetine and 638 were randomly assigned to placebo. Mean duration of trial treatment was 167 days (SD 48·1). At 6 months, mRS data were available in 624 (97%) patients in the fluoxetine group and 632 (99%) in the placebo group. The distribution of mRS categories was similar in the fluoxetine and placebo groups (adjusted common odds ratio 0·94, 95% CI 0·76â1·15; p=0·53). Compared with patients in the placebo group, patients in the fluoxetine group had more falls (20 [3%] vs seven [1%]; p=0·018), bone fractures (19 [3%] vs six [1%]; p=0·014), and epileptic seizures (ten [2%] vs two [<1%]; p=0·038) at 6 months.
Interpretation
Oral fluoxetine 20 mg daily for 6 months after acute stroke did not improve functional outcome and increased the risk of falls, bone fractures, and epileptic seizures. These results do not support the use of fluoxetine to improve functional outcome after stroke
DĂ©veloppement dâune nouvelle classe d'agents de sortie de latence du VIH-1
Despite its efficiency to prevent viral multiplication, antiretroviral therapy (ART) is unable to cure patients with HIV-1. Indeed, if ART is stopped, a viral rebound is observed. This increase in blood viral load is due to the activation of HIV-1 reservoirs, among which latently-infected memory CD4+ T cells. These cells are rare (1-10 per million of quiescent T cells), appear very quickly following infection and have a long half-life (almost 4 years). To purge this long-lived reservoir the "Shock and Kill" (or kick and kill) approach was developed. This strategy relies on the use of latency reversing agents (LRAs) to induce reservoir activation. All LRAs developed until now target cellular proteins such as histone deacetylases or protein kinase C. These LRAs did not affect the reservoir size of HIV+ patients.Here we present a new LRA family that binds to and activates an HIV-1 protein. These compounds were identified by in silico screening, are not cytotoxic and affect the biological activity of their target. They were less efficient than available LRAs on HIV-1 latent cell lines. Nevertheless, when tested on latent T-cells from HIV-1 patients in ex vivo assays, the lead compound D10 at 50 nM was ~ 80% more efficient than bryostatin-1, one of the best LRA available to date.Using a chemoinformatic approach, we selected 11 analogs of D10, termed N1 to N11. Some of these analogs (N5, N8) showed a stronger effect than D10 on latent cell lines. The study of this family enabled us to elaborate a structure/ function relationship.We thus identified a new family of HIV latency reversing agents targeting a viral protein and that should therefore be more specific than LRAs that target cellular proteins.Bien que le traitement antirĂ©troviral (ART) supprime efficacement la multiplication du VIH-1 chez les patients infectĂ©s, lâART ne guĂ©rit pas l'infection. En effet, si l'ART est arrĂȘtĂ©, on observe un rebond viral. Celui-ci est principalement dĂ» Ă l'activation stochastique de cellules latentes qui contiennent le gĂ©nome viral intĂ©grĂ© mais ne produisent pas de virus et ne sont donc pas ciblĂ©es par l'ART ou le systĂšme immunitaire. Ces cellules latentes sont peu nombreuses (1-10 par million de cellules T-CD4+ quiescentes) mais elles apparaissent rapidement aprĂšs la primo infection (en quelques jours), ont une longue durĂ©e de vie (prĂšs de 4 ans de demi-vie). Ces cellules rĂ©servoirs constituent donc un obstacle majeur Ă l'Ă©radication virale.La stratĂ©gie la plus prometteuse pour supprimer ces cellules, dite "Shock and Kill", (ou "kick and kill" est de les activer pour qu'elles soient ensuite dĂ©truites par la production virale, ciblĂ©es par l'ART et/ou lysĂ©es par les cellules T cytotoxiques. Un certain nombre dâagents de sortie de latence (LRAs) ont Ă©tĂ© dĂ©veloppĂ©s pour activer ces cellules. Ils ciblent des protĂ©ines cellulaires telles que les histone-dĂ©sacĂ©tylases (HDAC) ou la protĂ©ine kinase C. La plupart d'entre eux prĂ©sentent donc des effets non spĂ©cifiques, comme l'inhibition des lymphocytes cytotoxiques, et parfois une toxicitĂ©. Ils ont Ă©tĂ© incapables de diminuer la taille du rĂ©servoir chez les patients VIH+.Nous avons dĂ©veloppĂ© une nouvelle famille dâagents de levĂ©e de latence du VIH ciblant une protĂ©ine virale. Sur la base des structures disponibles, nous avons identifiĂ© par criblage in silico des ligands potentiels de cette protĂ©ine. Dix molĂ©cules ont Ă©tĂ© sĂ©lectionnĂ©es. Aucune n'est toxique pour les cellules T CD4+. Une molĂ©cule appelĂ©e D10 se fixe spĂ©cifiquement Ă la cible avec une affinitĂ© de lâordre de 30 -50 nM et affecte l'activitĂ© biologique de cette protĂ©ine. De plus, D10 prĂ©sente une activitĂ© LRA sur les lignĂ©es cellulaires latentes JLat-9.2 et OM-10.1. LâactivitĂ© LRA de D10 sur ces lignĂ©es reprĂ©sente 50 Ă 70% de celle du SAHA (vorinostat), un inhibiteur des HDAC candidat LRA en cours dâessais cliniques (Phase 2). Lors de tests ex vivo sur les cellules latentes de patients VIH traitĂ©s, D10 Ă 50 nM a une activitĂ© LRA trĂšs efficace, 80% supĂ©rieure Ă celle de la bryostatine-1 qui agit sur la PKC et est considĂ©rĂ© comme le LRA le plus prometteur actuellement. En utilisant une approche chĂ©moinformatique nous avons sĂ©lectionnĂ© 11 analogues de D10, dit N1-N11. Certains de ces analogues (N5, N8) montrent un effet plus fort que D10 sur les lignĂ©es cellulaires latentes. L'Ă©tude de cette famille nous a permis d'Ă©baucher une relation structure chimique / activitĂ© LRA de ces molĂ©cules. Nous avons donc identifiĂ© de nouveaux agents de sortie de latence du VIH-1 qui ciblent une protĂ©ine virale et devraient donc ĂȘtre plus spĂ©cifiques que les LRAs ciblant les protĂ©ines cellulaires
Development of a novel class of HIV-1 latency-reversing agents
Bien que le traitement antirĂ©troviral (ART) supprime efficacement la multiplication du VIH-1 chez les patients infectĂ©s, lâART ne guĂ©rit pas l'infection. En effet, si l'ART est arrĂȘtĂ©, on observe un rebond viral. Celui-ci est principalement dĂ» Ă l'activation stochastique de cellules latentes qui contiennent le gĂ©nome viral intĂ©grĂ© mais ne produisent pas de virus et ne sont donc pas ciblĂ©es par l'ART ou le systĂšme immunitaire. Ces cellules latentes sont peu nombreuses (1-10 par million de cellules T-CD4+ quiescentes) mais elles apparaissent rapidement aprĂšs la primo infection (en quelques jours), ont une longue durĂ©e de vie (prĂšs de 4 ans de demi-vie). Ces cellules rĂ©servoirs constituent donc un obstacle majeur Ă l'Ă©radication virale.La stratĂ©gie la plus prometteuse pour supprimer ces cellules, dite "Shock and Kill", (ou "kick and kill" est de les activer pour qu'elles soient ensuite dĂ©truites par la production virale, ciblĂ©es par l'ART et/ou lysĂ©es par les cellules T cytotoxiques. Un certain nombre dâagents de sortie de latence (LRAs) ont Ă©tĂ© dĂ©veloppĂ©s pour activer ces cellules. Ils ciblent des protĂ©ines cellulaires telles que les histone-dĂ©sacĂ©tylases (HDAC) ou la protĂ©ine kinase C. La plupart d'entre eux prĂ©sentent donc des effets non spĂ©cifiques, comme l'inhibition des lymphocytes cytotoxiques, et parfois une toxicitĂ©. Ils ont Ă©tĂ© incapables de diminuer la taille du rĂ©servoir chez les patients VIH+.Nous avons dĂ©veloppĂ© une nouvelle famille dâagents de levĂ©e de latence du VIH ciblant une protĂ©ine virale. Sur la base des structures disponibles, nous avons identifiĂ© par criblage in silico des ligands potentiels de cette protĂ©ine. Dix molĂ©cules ont Ă©tĂ© sĂ©lectionnĂ©es. Aucune n'est toxique pour les cellules T CD4+. Une molĂ©cule appelĂ©e D10 se fixe spĂ©cifiquement Ă la cible avec une affinitĂ© de lâordre de 30 -50 nM et affecte l'activitĂ© biologique de cette protĂ©ine. De plus, D10 prĂ©sente une activitĂ© LRA sur les lignĂ©es cellulaires latentes JLat-9.2 et OM-10.1. LâactivitĂ© LRA de D10 sur ces lignĂ©es reprĂ©sente 50 Ă 70% de celle du SAHA (vorinostat), un inhibiteur des HDAC candidat LRA en cours dâessais cliniques (Phase 2). Lors de tests ex vivo sur les cellules latentes de patients VIH traitĂ©s, D10 Ă 50 nM a une activitĂ© LRA trĂšs efficace, 80% supĂ©rieure Ă celle de la bryostatine-1 qui agit sur la PKC et est considĂ©rĂ© comme le LRA le plus prometteur actuellement. En utilisant une approche chĂ©moinformatique nous avons sĂ©lectionnĂ© 11 analogues de D10, dit N1-N11. Certains de ces analogues (N5, N8) montrent un effet plus fort que D10 sur les lignĂ©es cellulaires latentes. L'Ă©tude de cette famille nous a permis d'Ă©baucher une relation structure chimique / activitĂ© LRA de ces molĂ©cules. Nous avons donc identifiĂ© de nouveaux agents de sortie de latence du VIH-1 qui ciblent une protĂ©ine virale et devraient donc ĂȘtre plus spĂ©cifiques que les LRAs ciblant les protĂ©ines cellulaires.Despite its efficiency to prevent viral multiplication, antiretroviral therapy (ART) is unable to cure patients with HIV-1. Indeed, if ART is stopped, a viral rebound is observed. This increase in blood viral load is due to the activation of HIV-1 reservoirs, among which latently-infected memory CD4+ T cells. These cells are rare (1-10 per million of quiescent T cells), appear very quickly following infection and have a long half-life (almost 4 years). To purge this long-lived reservoir the "Shock and Kill" (or kick and kill) approach was developed. This strategy relies on the use of latency reversing agents (LRAs) to induce reservoir activation. All LRAs developed until now target cellular proteins such as histone deacetylases or protein kinase C. These LRAs did not affect the reservoir size of HIV+ patients.Here we present a new LRA family that binds to and activates an HIV-1 protein. These compounds were identified by in silico screening, are not cytotoxic and affect the biological activity of their target. They were less efficient than available LRAs on HIV-1 latent cell lines. Nevertheless, when tested on latent T-cells from HIV-1 patients in ex vivo assays, the lead compound D10 at 50 nM was ~ 80% more efficient than bryostatin-1, one of the best LRA available to date.Using a chemoinformatic approach, we selected 11 analogs of D10, termed N1 to N11. Some of these analogs (N5, N8) showed a stronger effect than D10 on latent cell lines. The study of this family enabled us to elaborate a structure/ function relationship.We thus identified a new family of HIV latency reversing agents targeting a viral protein and that should therefore be more specific than LRAs that target cellular proteins
Cyclophilin A enables specific HIV-1 Tat palmitoylation and accumulation in uninfected cells
International audienceMost HIV-1 Tat is unconventionally secreted by infected cells following Tat interaction with phosphatidylinositol (4,5) bisphosphate (PI(4,5)P2) at the plasma membrane. Extracellular Tat is endocytosed by uninfected cells before escaping from endosomes to reach the cytosol and bind PI(4,5)P2. It is not clear whether and how incoming Tat concentrates in uninfected cells. Here we show that, in uninfected cells, the S-acyl transferase DHHC-20 together with the prolylisomerases cyclophilin A (CypA) and FKBP12 palmitoylate Tat on Cys31 thereby increasing Tat affinity for PI(4,5)P2. In infected cells, CypA is bound by HIV-1 Gag, resulting in its encapsidation and CypA depletion from cells. Because of the lack of this essential cofactor, Tat is not palmitoylated in infected cells but strongly secreted. Hence, Tat palmitoylation specifically takes place in uninfected cells. Moreover, palmitoylation is required for Tat to accumulate at the plasma membrane and affect PI(4,5)P2-dependent membrane traffic such as phagocytosis and neurosecretion
Twelve-Month Outcomes of the AFFINITY Trial of Fluoxetine for Functional Recovery After Acute Stroke: AFFINITY Trial Steering Committee on Behalf of the AFFINITY Trial Collaboration
Background and Purpose: The AFFINITY trial (Assessment of Fluoxetine in Stroke Recovery) reported that oral fluoxetine 20 mg daily for 6 months after acute stroke did not improve functional outcome and increased the risk of falls, bone fractures, and seizures. After trial medication was ceased at 6 months, survivors were followed to 12 months post-randomization. This preplanned secondary analysis aimed to determine any sustained or delayed effects of fluoxetine at 12 months post-randomization. Methods: AFFINITY was a randomized, parallel-group, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial in adults (n=1280) with a clinical diagnosis of stroke in the previous 2 to 15 days and persisting neurological deficit who were recruited at 43 hospital stroke units in Australia (n=29), New Zealand (4), and Vietnam (10) between 2013 and 2019. Participants were randomized to oral fluoxetine 20 mg once daily (n=642) or matching placebo (n=638) for 6 months and followed until 12 months after randomization. The primary outcome was function, measured by the modified Rankin Scale, at 6 months. Secondary outcomes for these analyses included measures of the modified Rankin Scale, mood, cognition, overall health status, fatigue, health-related quality of life, and safety at 12 months. Results: Adherence to trial medication was for a mean 167 (SD 48) days and similar between randomized groups. At 12 months, the distribution of modified Rankin Scale categories was similar in the fluoxetine and placebo groups (adjusted common odds ratio, 0.93 [95% CI, 0.76â1.14]; P =0.46). Compared with placebo, patients allocated fluoxetine had fewer recurrent ischemic strokes (14 [2.18%] versus 29 [4.55%]; P =0.02), and no longer had significantly more falls (27 [4.21%] versus 15 [2.35%]; P =0.08), bone fractures (23 [3.58%] versus 11 [1.72%]; P =0.05), or seizures (11 [1.71%] versus 8 [1.25%]; P =0.64) at 12 months. Conclusions: Fluoxetine 20 mg daily for 6 months after acute stroke had no delayed or sustained effect on functional outcome, falls, bone fractures, or seizures at 12 months poststroke. The lower rate of recurrent ischemic stroke in the fluoxetine group is most likely a chance finding. REGISTRATION: URL: http://www.anzctr.org.au/ ; Unique identifier: ACTRN12611000774921