Modéliser l'impact du changement climatique sur les écosystèmes aquatiques par approche de downscaling

L'objectif était d'évaluer l'impact du changement global sur les écosystèmes aquatiques au cours du 21ème siècle, dans le bassin Adour Garonne (S-O France). Une approche de " downscaling " a été développée à l'interface entre les sciences du climat, de l'hydro-chimie et de l'écologie. Les résultats suggèrent une augmentation globale des débits hivernaux ainsi que des débits d'étiages plus faibles. Les concentrations en nitrate pourraient augmenter, de même que la distribution des espèces de poissons les plus thermophiles. Toutefois, une diminution des gaz à effet de serre ainsi qu'une modification des pratiques agricoles (ex. diminution des fertilisants azotés) pourraient limiter l'intensité des perturbations écologiques. Cette thèse offre une contribution originale, notamment pour la gestion future des ressources hydriques et écologiques.This thesis aimed at assessing the impact of global change on freshwater ecosystems during the 21st century in the Adour Garonne area (SW France). A downscaling approach was developed linking techniques from climate, hydro-chemical and ecological sciences. The main results suggest an increase of high flows in winter as well as more severe low flows in summer. Nitrogen concentrations and thermophile fish species distribution may also increase. Reducing green house gas emissions and modifying agricultural practices (e.g reducing nitrate fertilizers) could reduce the intensity of ecological disturbances. This study is an original contribution to the management of future hydrological and ecological resources

Forecasting the spatial and seasonal dynamic of Aedes albopictus oviposition activity in Albania and Balkan countries

The increasing spread of the Asian tiger mosquito, Aedes albopictus, in Europe and US raises public health concern due to the species competence to transmit several exotic human arboviruses, among which dengue, chikungunya and Zika, and urges the development of suitable modeling approach to forecast the spatial and temporal distribution of the mosquito. Here we developed a dynamical species distribution modeling approach forecasting Ae. albopictus eggs abundance at high spatial (0.01 degree WGS84) and temporal (weekly) resolution over 10 Balkan countries, using temperature times series of Modis data products and altitude as input predictors. The model was satisfactorily calibrated and validated over Albania based observed eggs abundance data weekly monitored during three years. For a given week of the year, eggs abundance was mainly predicted by the number of eggs and the mean temperature recorded in the preceding weeks. That is, results are in agreement with the biological cycle of the mosquito, reflecting the effect temperature on eggs spawning, maturation and hatching. The model, seeded by initial egg values derived from a second model, was then used to forecast the spatial and temporal distribution of eggs abundance over the selected Balkan countries, weekly in 2011, 2012 and 2013. The present study is a baseline to develop an easy-handling forecasting model able to provide information useful for promoting active surveillance and possibly prevention of Ae. albopictus colonization in presently non-infested areas in the Balkans as well as in other temperate regions

Projected impacts of climate change on spatio-temporal patterns of freshwater fish beta diversity: a deconstructing approach

International audienc

Environmental heterogeneity and variations in the velocity of bluetongue virus spread in six European epidemics

International audienceSeveral epidemics caused by different bluetongue virus (BTV) serotypes occurred in European ruminants since the early 2000. Studies on the spatial distribution of these vector-borne infections and the main vector species highlighted contrasted eco-climatic regions characterized by different dominant vector species. However, little work was done regarding the factors associated with the velocity of these epidemics. In this study, we aimed to quantify and compare the velocity of BTV epidemic that have affected different European countries under contrasted eco-climatic conditions and to relate these estimates to spatial factors such as temperature and host density. We used the thin plate spline regression interpolation method in combination with trend surface analysis to quantify the local velocity of different epidemics that have affected France (BTV-8 2007-2008, BTV-1 2008-2009), Italy (BTV-1 2014), Andalusia in Spain (BTV-1 2007) and the Balkans (BTV-4 2014). We found significant differences in the local velocity of BTV spread according to the country and epidemics, ranging from 7.9 km/week (BTV-1 2014 Italy) to 24.4 km/week (BTV-1 2008 France). We quantify and discuss the effect of temperature and local host density on this velocity

Spread rate of lumpy skin disease in the Balkans, 2015-2016

After its introduction in Turkey in November 2013 and subsequent spread in this country, lumpy skin disease (LSD) was first reported in the western Turkey in May 2015. It was observed in cattle in Greece and reported to the World Organization for Animal Health (OIE) in August 2015. From May 2015 to August 2016, 1,092 outbreaks of lumpy skin disease were reported in cattle from western Turkey and eight Balkan countries: Greece, Bulgaria, The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Serbia, Kosovo, and Albania. During this period, the median LSD spread rate was 7.3 km/week. The frequency of outbreaks was highly seasonal, with little or no transmission reported during the winter. Also, the skewed distribution of spread rates suggested two distinct underlying epidemiological processes, associating local and distant spread possibly related to vectors and cattle trade movements, respectively. (Résumé d'auteur

Parameters, standard deviation and significance for the best Core (zero inflated negative binomial model; zeroinf-nb), Init (GLM negative binomial model; glm-nb) and Max models (GLM negative binomial model; glm-nb).

<p>Parameters, standard deviation and significance for the best Core (zero inflated negative binomial model; zeroinf-nb), Init (GLM negative binomial model; glm-nb) and Max models (GLM negative binomial model; glm-nb).</p

Annual mean percentiles of 10% (p10), 50% (p50) and 90% (p90) of <i>Aedes albopictus</i> eggs abundance projected by the forecasting model over Balkan countries in year 2012.

<p>The darker the color the more projected abundance by the model.</p

Goodness-of-fit assessment for the forecasting model applied to the validation and calibration sites, based on 100 bootstrap model projections.

<p>a) according to the monitoring week of the year and b) according to the week of model initialization.</p