Present situation and development prospects of the diagnosis and treatment of rotator cuff tears

Rotator cuff tears are an important cause of shoulder pain and are caused by degeneration or trauma of the shoulder tendon at the anatomical neck of the humeral head. The understanding and research of rotator cuff tears have a history of hundreds of years, and their etiology, diagnosis, and treatment have a complete system, but some detailed rules of diagnosis and treatment still have room for development. This research paper briefly introduces the diagnosis and treatment of rotator cuff tears. The current situation and its valuable research direction are described

Classification of 5-Dimensional Space-Time with Parallel 3-Branes

If the fifth dimension is one-dimensional connected manifold, up to diffeomorphic, the only possible space-time will be $M^4 \times R^1$, $M^4 \times R^1/Z_2$, $M^4 \times S^1$ and $M^4 \times S^1/Z_2$. And there exist two possibilities on cosmology constant along the fifth dimension: the cosmology constant is constant, and the cosmology constant is sectional constant. We construct the general models with parallel 3-branes and with constant/sectional constant cosmology constant along the fifth dimension on those kinds of the space-time, and point out that for compact fifth dimension, the sum of the brane tensions is zero, for non-compact fifth dimension, the sum of the brane tensions is positive. We assume the observable brane which includes our world should have positive tension, and obtain that the gauge hierarchy problem can be solved in those scenarios. We also discuss some simple models.Comment: 29 pages, Latex, 1 reference and 1 note adde

Pengembangan Modul Berbasis Bounded Inquiry Laboratory (Lab) Untuk Meningkatkan Literasi Sains Dimensi Proses Pada Materi Sistem Pencernaan Kelas XI

Penelitian bertujuan untuk: 1) Mengetahui karakteristik modul berbasis bounded inquiry laboratory (lab) untuk meningkatkan literasi sains dimensi proses; 2) Menguji kelayakan modul berbasis bounded inquiry laboratory (lab) untuk meningkatkan literasi sains dimensi proses; 3) Menguji keefektivan penggunaan modul berbasis bounded inquiry laboratory (lab) untuk meningkatkan literasi sains dimensi proses pada materi Sistem Pencernaan kelas XI. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode Research and Development (R & D) mengacu pada model Borg and Gall (1983) yang dimodifikasi. Instrumen yang digunakan adalah lembar analisis, lembar observasi, angket, lembar validasi, wawancara, dan tes. Data penelitian dianalisis dengan metode deskriptif kualitatif dan literasi sains dimensi proses dianalisis dengan N-gain ternormalisasi untuk mengetahui keefektivan modul berbasis bounded inquiry laboratory (lab), dan uji Wilcoxon untuk mengetahui literasi sains dimensi proses. Hasil penelitian dan pengembangan menunjukkan bahwa: 1) Modul berbasis bounded inquiry laboratory (lab) untuk meningkatkan literasi sains dimensi proses pada materi Sistem Pencernaan dikembangkan sesuai dengan tahapan bounded inquiry laboratory (lab) (observasi, manipulasi, generalisasi, verifikasi, aplikasi) dan pendekatan saintifik; 2) Hasil pengembangan modul berbasis bounded inquiry laboratory (lab) layak untuk diterapkan pada materi Sistem Pencernaan. Kelayakan modul berbasis bounded inquiry laboratory (lab) pada materi Sistem Pencernaan berdasarkan validasi ahli memperoleh kategori “sangat baik” dengan persentase 98,21%, validasi praktisi memperoleh kategori “sangat baik” dengan persentase 99,22%, dan responden uji coba skala kecil memperoleh kategori “baik” dengan persentase 77,34%, sehingga layak digunakan kelas XI; 3) Modul berbasis bounded inquiry laboratory (lab) pada materi Sistem Pencernaan efektif untuk meningkatkan literasi sains dimensi proses yang ditunjukkan dengan hasil uji Wilcoxon yaitu diperoleh probabilitas (p) sebesar 0,000 (p < 0,05), H0 ditolak, sehingga ada perbedaan literasi sains dimensi proses sebelum dan setelah menggunakan modul bounded inquiry laboratory (lab) pada materi sistem pencernaan. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian dapat disimpulkan bahwa karakteristik modul berbasis bounded inquiry laboratory (lab) sesuai tahapan bounded inquiry laboratory (lab) (observasi, manipulasi, generalisasi, verifikasi, aplikasi) dan pendekatan saintifik; layak dan efektif untuk meningkatkan literasi sains dimensi proses pada materi Sistem Pencernaan kelas XI

Origins of the Isospin Violation of Dark Matter Interactions

Light dark matter (DM) with a large DM-nucleon spin-independent cross section and furthermore proper isospin violation (ISV) $f_n/f_p\approx-0.7$ may provide a way to understand the confusing DM direct detection results. Combing with the stringent astrophysical and collider constraints, we systematically investigate the origin of ISV first via general operator analyses and further via specifying three kinds of (single) mediators: A light $Z'$ from chiral $U(1)_X$, an approximate spectator Higgs doublet (It can explain the $W+jj$ anomaly simultaneously) and color triplets. In addition, although $Z'$ from an exotic $U(1)_X$ mixing with $U(1)_Y$ generating $f_n=0$, we can combine it with the conventional Higgs to achieve proper ISV. As a concrete example, we propose the $U(1)_X$ model where the $U(1)_X$ charged light sneutrino is the inelastic DM, which dominantly annihilates to light dark states such as $Z'$ with sub-GeV mass. This model can address the recent GoGeNT annual modulation consistent with other DM direct detection results and free of exclusions.Comment: References added and English greatly improve

The SU(3)_C * SU(4)_W * U(1)_{B-L} Models with Left-Right Unification

The left-right models provide an explanation for the parity asymmetry in the Standard Model (SM). To further understand the origin of the left-right symmetry, we study a partial unification model based on SU(4)_W*U(1)_{B-L} which can be broken down to the minimal left-right model either through the Higgs mechanism in four dimensions or through the five-dimensional orbifold gauge symmetry breaking with inner or outer automorphism. We scrutinize all these breaking mechanisms and find that for the orbifold breaking in five dimensions, the rank-reducing outer automorphism is better than the inner automorphism and can make the low energy theory free of the U(1)_Z anomaly. For the four-dimensional model with the Higgs mechanism, we study in detail both its structure and its typical phenomenology. It turns out that this four-dimensional scenario may predict some new phenomenology since the new mirror fermions (which are introduced in order to fill the SM fermions into SU(4)_W without anomaly) are preserved at low energy scale and mix with the SM fermions. We also examine the gauge coupling unification in each case, and discuss the possibility for unifying this partial unification group with the Pati-Salam group SU(4)_{PS} to realize a grand unification.Comment: version in Nucl.Phys.B (discussions added

Neutrino Bilarge Mixing and Flavor Physics in the Flipped SU(5) Model

We have constructed a specific supersymmetric flipped SU(5) GUT model in which bilarge neutrino mixing is incorporated. Because the up-type and down-type quarks in the model are flipped in the representations ten and five with respect to the usual SU(5), the radiatively generated flavor mixing in squark mass matrices due to the large neutrino mixing has a pattern different from those in the conventional SU(5) and SO(10) supersymmetric GUTs. This leads to phenomenological consequences quite different from SU(5) or SO(10) supersymmetric GUT models. That is, it has almost no impact on B physics. On the contrary, the model has effects in top and charm physics as well as lepton physics. In particular, it gives promising prediction on the mass difference, $\Delta M_D$, of the $D-{\bar D}$ mixing which for some ranges of the parameter space with large $\tan\beta$ can be at the order of $10^9 ~\hbar ~s^{-1}$, one order of magnitude smaller than the experimental upper bound. In some regions of the parameter space $\Delta M_D$ can saturate the present bound. For these ranges of parameter space, $t \to u,c+h^0$ can reach $10^{-5}-10^{-6}$ which would be observed at the LHC and future $\gamma-\gamma$ colliders.Comment: 25 pages, 1 figure, version for publicatio

The Supersymmetric Standard Models with Decay and Stable Dark Matters

We propose two supersymmetric Standard Models (SMs) with decaying and stable dark matter (DM) particles. To explain the SM fermion masses and mixings and have a heavy decay DM particle S, we consider the Froggatt-Nielsen mechanism by introducing an anomalous U(1)_X gauge symmetry. Around the string scale, the U(1)_X gauge symmetry is broken down to a Z_2 symmetry under which S is odd while all the SM particles are even. S obtains a vacuum expectation value around the TeV scale, and then it can three-body decay dominantly to the second/third family of the SM leptons in Model I and to the first family of the SM leptons in Model II. Choosing a benchmark point in the constrained minimal supersymmetric SM with exact R parity, we show that the lightest neutralino DM is consistent with the CDMS II experiment. Considering S three-body decay and choosing suitable parameters, we show that the PAMELA and Fermi-LAT experiments and the PAMELA and ATIC experiments can be explained in Model I and Model II, respectively.Comment: RevTex4, 26 pages, 6 figures, references added, version to appear in EPJ

Non-Canonical Gauge Coupling Unification in High-Scale Supersymmetry Breaking

The string landscape suggests that the supersymmetry breaking scale can be high, and then the simplest low energy effective theory is the Standard Model (SM). Considering grand unification scale supersymmetry breaking, we show that gauge coupling unification can be achieved at about 10^{16-17} GeV in the SM with suitable normalizations of the U(1)_Y, and we predict that the Higgs mass range is 127 GeV to 165 GeV, with the precise value strongly correlated with the top quark mass m_t and SU(3)_C gauge coupling. For example, if m_t=178\pm1 GeV, the Higgs boson mass is predicted to be between 141 GeV and 154 GeV. We also point out that gauge coupling unification in the Minimal Supersymmetric Standard Model (MSSM) does not imply the canonical U(1)_Y normalization. In addition, we present 7-dimensional orbifold grand unified theories (GUTs) in which such normalizations for the U(1)_Y and charge quantization can be realized. The supersymmetry can be broken at the grand unification scale by the Scherk--Schwarz mechanism. We briefly comment on a non-canonical U(1)_Y normalization due to the brane localized gauge kinetic terms in orbifold GUTs.Comment: RevTex4, 28 pages, 4 figures, 2 table

On Naturalness of the MSSM and NMSSM

With a bottom-up approach, we consider naturalness in the MSSM and NMSSM. Assuming the light stops, the LHC gluino search implies that the degree of fine tuning in both models is less than 2.5%. Taking the LHC hints for the SM-like Higgs boson mass m_h\sim125 GeV seriously, we find that naturalness will favor the NMSSM. We study the Higgs boson mass for several scenarios in the NMSSM: (1) A large \lambda and the doublet-singlet Higgs boson mixing effect pushing upward or pulling downward m_h. The former case can readily give the di-photon excess of the Higgs boson decay whereas the latter case can not. However, we point out that the former case has a new large fine-tuning related to strong \lambda-RGE running effect and vacuum stability. (2) A small \lambda and the mixing effect pushing m_h upward. Naturalness status becomes worse and no significant di-photon excess can be obtained. In these scenarios, the lightest supersymmetric particle (LSP) as a dark matter candidate is strongly disfavored by the XENON100 experiment. Even if the LSP can be a viable dark matter candidate, there does exist fine-tuning. The above naturalness evaluation is based on a high mediation scale for supersymmetry breaking, whereas for a low mediation scale, fine-tuning can be improved by about one order.Comment: JHEP version, adding some comments/references and improving Englis

Design and baseline characteristics of the finerenone in reducing cardiovascular mortality and morbidity in diabetic kidney disease trial

Background: Among people with diabetes, those with kidney disease have exceptionally high rates of cardiovascular (CV) morbidity and mortality and progression of their underlying kidney disease. Finerenone is a novel, nonsteroidal, selective mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist that has shown to reduce albuminuria in type 2 diabetes (T2D) patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) while revealing only a low risk of hyperkalemia. However, the effect of finerenone on CV and renal outcomes has not yet been investigated in long-term trials. Patients and Methods: The Finerenone in Reducing CV Mortality and Morbidity in Diabetic Kidney Disease (FIGARO-DKD) trial aims to assess the efficacy and safety of finerenone compared to placebo at reducing clinically important CV and renal outcomes in T2D patients with CKD. FIGARO-DKD is a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group, event-driven trial running in 47 countries with an expected duration of approximately 6 years. FIGARO-DKD randomized 7,437 patients with an estimated glomerular filtration rate >= 25 mL/min/1.73 m(2) and albuminuria (urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio >= 30 to <= 5,000 mg/g). The study has at least 90% power to detect a 20% reduction in the risk of the primary outcome (overall two-sided significance level alpha = 0.05), the composite of time to first occurrence of CV death, nonfatal myocardial infarction, nonfatal stroke, or hospitalization for heart failure. Conclusions: FIGARO-DKD will determine whether an optimally treated cohort of T2D patients with CKD at high risk of CV and renal events will experience cardiorenal benefits with the addition of finerenone to their treatment regimen. Trial Registration: EudraCT number: 2015-000950-39; ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT02545049