Erosion of metals by multiple impacts with water

Investigation determines - relation between impact velocity and minimum number of impacts producing visible erosion, relation between high frequency fatigue stresses and number of cycles to failure, water-hammer stresses relation to high frequency endurance limit, erosion rate as exposure time function, and correlates experimental data with recent theory

Optimal Power Allocation for Channel Estimation in MIMO-OFDM System with Per-Subcarrier Transmit Antenna Selection

A novel hybrid channel estimator is proposed for multiple-input multiple-output orthogonal frequency- division multiplexing (MIMO-OFDM) system with per-subcarrier transmit antenna selection having optimal power allocation among subcarriers. In practice, antenna selection information is transmitted through a binary symmetric control channel with a crossover probability. Linear minimum mean-square error (LMMSE) technique is optimal technique for channel estimation in MIMO-OFDM system. Though LMMSE estimator performs well at low signal to noise ratio (SNR), in the presence of antenna-to-subcarrier-assignment error (ATSA), it introduces irreducible error at high SNR. We have proved that relaxed MMSE (RMMSE) estimator overcomes the performance degradation at high SNR. The proposed hybrid estimator combines the benefits of LMMSE at low SNR and RMMSE estimator at high SNR. The vector mean square error (MSE) expression is modified as scalar expression so that an optimal power allocation can be performed. The convex optimization problem is formulated and solved to allocate optimal power to subcarriers minimizing the MSE, subject to transmit sum power constraint. Further, an analytical expression for SNR threshold at which the hybrid estimator is to be switched from LMMSE to RMMSE is derived. The simulation results show that the proposed hybrid estimator gives robust performance, irrespective of ATSA error

Experimental and analytical investigations on multiple liquid impact erosion

Experimental and analytical studies of multiple liquid impact erosion of aluminum and stainless stee

Three-dimensional laminar and turbulent convection in separated flow

Three-dimensional laminar and turbulent separated flow and heat transfer in plane symmetric sudden expansion and plane backward facing step is examined in this dissertation. In Papers I, II, and III, simulations of 3-D laminar forced convection in plane symmetric expansion is studied...In Paper IV, 3-D turbulent flow measurements using Laser Doppler Velocimeter are made in a backward facing step flow and the three velocity components and the Reynolds stresses are measured in the separated and redeveloping flow region...In Paper V, the 2-D behavior of a thin film that is shear driven by turbulent air flow is simulated --Abstract, page iv

ANALYSIS OF PART CONSOLIDATION TECHNIQUES FOR AUTOMOTIVE BODY IN WHITE PANELS BASED ON ADVANCED SHEET METAL FORMING TECHNOLOGIES

The automotive industry is looking to move from mass production to mass customization in order to manufacture and sell a variety of products in different markets on a global scale. This requires a robust and cost effective manufacturing system which would help design new products in the shortest possible lead time. This thesis tries to investigate the current sheet metal forming process for body in white, identify the limitations and propose an alternative which would help the industry cut down product lead time and costs. Decision making tools are used to identify the technical requirements of a BIW manufacturing system and optimize the same. Part consolidation techniques are studied in detail and the various means to achieve them are investigated. Industrial origami¨ is proposed as an alternative to automotive stamping and a means to achieve part consolidation. Origami joints and their design features were modeled using cad tools and their load bearing and strength characteristics are compared to that of stamped joints using finite element analysis simulations. A bill of materials of a small sedan is constructed to identify the opportunities for part consolidation and process substitution of stamping using origami

Characterization and analysis of hybrid electronic materials for molecular based devices

The goal of this work is to characterize and to analyze hybrid electronic materials (HEMs) using fluorescence (FL) spectroscopy and conductive probe-atomic force microscopy (CP-AFM) in order to investigate the electrical and optical properties of these materials. Currently, research efforts to characterize novel organic materials for the determination of molecular level transport properties are of great interest.[6] One of the most interesting organic materials is the porphyrin molecule, which exhibits behavior useful for memory applications.[4] Colloidal CdS quantum dots (Q-CdS) capped with dioctyl sulfosuccinate (AOT) and thiol functionalized porphyrin molecules are explored for their potential application to next-generation hybrid electronic systems. Q-CdS capped with AOT self-assembled on various substrates are used to study the effect of electron transport in colloidal quantum dots using FL spectroscopy. In turn, porphyrin molecules chemisorbed onto gold surfaces are used to study the phonon-electron interaction in these molecules due to their metal cations. Maximum fluorescence intensities are obtained at specific angles of incidence, such as 80 and 45 degree with respect to the sample, for Q-CdS and porphyrin molecules, respectively. Emission spectra of Q-CdS absorbed onto different substrates such as gold, GaAs, and mica show a slight but systematic redshift of peak characteristics of spatially confined phonon interactions. The effects of relative quantum dot size, different substrates, and light intensity are discussed in this thesis. As the relative sizes of the quantum dots decrease, the excitonic peaks are slightly blue shifted. In order to study the electron transport mechanism of a single or a few molecules in metal-molecule-metal heterostructures, the electronic characteristics of self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) of n-alkanethiols such as hexanethiol and octanethiol are investigated using CP-AFM. SAMs of alkanethiols on gold surfaces have been shown to form stable surface structures.[21] Studies have shown that thiolated porphyrins readily self-assemble on gold surfaces.[73] The I-V characteristics of self-assembled monothiolated porphyrin molecules on gold substrates are measured under ambient conditions. I-V traces of porphyrin molecules behave sigmoidally according to the Simmons Equation for square barrier tunneling and illustrate that the electron transport mechanism through porphyrin is direct tunneling for the applied bias levels in this study

An Observational study on Siddha Diagnostic Tools including Line of treatment and Dietary Regimen of Kabaala Karappan

Initially the author had selected 4-5 topics. The author was interested to select this topics because now a days most of the people with seborrheic dermatitis are developing more complications, So the author show this topic to a modern pathologist, She gave more information to the author about the disease. Then this topic is submitted to the screening committe members and got approved from IEC committe members. The aim of this study is to evaluate the significance of the disease kabaala karappan with help of siddha parameters Ennvagai thervu, manikadai nool and yaakkaiElakkanam. Kabaala karappan is quoted in the Yugi Vaithiya Chinthamani-800.It is one of the karappan disease characterized by itching of scalp, ear, flaky scaly, dandruff, running nose, sneezing. The author had collected review of literature, definition, etiology and classification regarding the disease from various books. From the observational study, In O.P.D 100 cases were observed as per the inclusion and exclusion criteria and the informed consent were observed from the patients. Case sheet proforma were maintained for 100 cases author took the study in her OPD under the guidance of her department faculty. Laboratory investigations also were carried out during the study. Ennvagai Thaervu, yaakkai Elakkanam, manikkadai nool, and panja patchi saasthiram were focused in the study. In this study, following data were observed and discussed for the 100 cases. Among 100 cases, 100% of cases presented with itching in head, 97% scaling in head, 29% of cases itching in ear, 27% sneezing, 88%had mithaveppam, 57% had vadha pitham, 38% had neikkuri of vadhapitham. 52% had pithavadham thegi. 47%had 8 3/4 fbs in manikkadainool, 44% had vaayu (air) element

Cavitation damage in liquid metals technical progress report no. 467-3, 1 apr. - 31 may 1965

Cavitation damage resistance of refractory alloys in high temperature liquid sodiu

Dual-layered Multi-Objective Genetic Algorithms (D-MOGA): A Robust Solution for Modern Engine Development and Calibrations

Heavy-duty (HD) diesel engines are the primary propulsion systems used within the freight transportation sector and are subjected to stringent emissions regulations. The primary objective of this study is to develop a robust calibration technique for HD engine optimization in order to meet current and future regulated emissions standards during certification cycles and off-cycle vocation activities. Recently, California - Air Resources Board (C-ARB) has also shown interests in controlling off-cycle emissions from vehicles operating in California by funding projects such as the Ultra-Low NOx study by Sharp et. al [1]. Moreover, there is a major push for the complex real-world driving emissions testing protocol as the confirmatory and certification testing procedure in Europe and Asia through the United Nations - Economic Commission for Europe (UN-ECE) and International Organization for Standardization (ISO). This calls for more advanced and innovative approaches to optimize engine operation to meet the regulated certification levels.;A robust engine calibration technique was developed using dual-layered multi-objective genetic algorithms (D-MOGA) to determine necessary engine control parameter settings. The study focused on reducing fuel consumption and lowering oxides of nitrogen (NOx) emissions, while simultaneously increasing exhaust temperatures for thermal management of exhaust after-treatment system. The study also focused on using D-MOGA to develop a calibration routine that simultaneously calibrates engine control parameters for transient certification cycles and vocational drayage operation. Several objective functions and alternate selection techniques for D-MOGA were analyzed to improve the optimality of the D-MOGA results.;The Low-NOx calibration for the Federal Test Procedure (FTP) which was obtained using the simple desirability approach was validated in the engine dynamometer test cell over the FTP and near-dock test cycles. In addition, the 2010 emissions compliant calibration was baselined for performance and emissions over the FTP and custom developed low-load Near-Dock engine dynamometer test cycles. Performance and emissions of the baseline calibrations showed a 63% increase in engine-out brake-specific NOx emissions and a proportionate 77% decrease in engine-out soot emissions over the Near-Dock cycle as compared to the FTP cycle. Engine dynamometer validation results of the Low-NOx FTP cycle calibration developed using D-MOGA, showed a 17% increase brake-specific NOx emissions over the FTP cycle, compared to the baseline calibrations. However, a 50% decrease in engine-out soot emissions and substantial increase in exhaust temperature were observed with no penalties on fuel consumption.;The tools developed in this study can play a role in meeting current and future regulations as well as bridging the gap between emissions during certification and real-world engine operations and eventually could play a vital role in meeting the National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) in areas such as the port of Los Angeles, California in the South Coast Air Basin