153 research outputs found
Mistral 7B
We introduce Mistral 7B v0.1, a 7-billion-parameter language model engineered
for superior performance and efficiency. Mistral 7B outperforms Llama 2 13B
across all evaluated benchmarks, and Llama 1 34B in reasoning, mathematics, and
code generation. Our model leverages grouped-query attention (GQA) for faster
inference, coupled with sliding window attention (SWA) to effectively handle
sequences of arbitrary length with a reduced inference cost. We also provide a
model fine-tuned to follow instructions, Mistral 7B -- Instruct, that surpasses
the Llama 2 13B -- Chat model both on human and automated benchmarks. Our
models are released under the Apache 2.0 license.Comment: Models and code are available at
https://mistral.ai/news/announcing-mistral-7b
Pharmacological Inhibition of Nicotinamide Phosphoribosyltransferase/Visfatin Enzymatic Activity Identifies a New Inflammatory Pathway Linked to NAD
Nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT), also known as visfatin, is the rate-limiting enzyme in the salvage pathway of NAD biosynthesis from nicotinamide. Since its expression is upregulated during inflammation, NAMPT represents a novel clinical biomarker in acute lung injury, rheumatoid arthritis, and Crohn's disease. However, its role in disease progression remains unknown. We report here that NAMPT is a key player in inflammatory arthritis. Increased expression of NAMPT was confirmed in mice with collagen-induced arthritis, both in serum and in the arthritic paw. Importantly, a specific competitive inhibitor of NAMPT effectively reduced arthritis severity with comparable activity to etanercept, and decreased pro-inflammatory cytokine secretion in affected joints. Moreover, NAMPT inhibition reduced intracellular NAD concentration in inflammatory cells and circulating TNFα levels during endotoxemia in mice. In vitro pharmacological inhibition of NAMPT reduced the intracellular concentration of NAD and pro-inflammatory cytokine secretion by inflammatory cells. Thus, NAMPT links NAD metabolism to inflammatory cytokine secretion by leukocytes, and its inhibition might therefore have therapeutic efficacy in immune-mediated inflammatory disorders
Pantropical variability in tree crown allometry
Aim:
Tree crowns determine light interception, carbon and water exchange. Thus, understanding the factors causing tree crown allometry to vary at the tree and stand level matters greatly for the development of future vegetation modelling and for the calibration of remote sensing products. Nevertheless, we know little about largeâscale variation and determinants in tropical tree crown allometry. In this study, we explored the continental variation in scaling exponents of siteâspecific crown allometry and assessed their relationships with environmental and standâlevel variables in the tropics. /
Location:
Global tropics. /
Time period:
Early 21st century. /
Major taxa studied:
Woody plants. /
Methods:
Using a dataset of 87,737 trees distributed among 245 forest and savanna sites across the tropics, we fitted siteâspecific allometric relationships between crown dimensions (crown depth, diameter and volume) and stem diameter using powerâlaw models. Standâlevel and environmental drivers of crown allometric relationships were assessed at pantropical and continental scales. /
Results:
The scaling exponents of allometric relationships between stem diameter and crown dimensions were higher in savannas than in forests. We identified that continental crown models were better than pantropical crown models and that continental differences in crown allometric relationships were driven by both standâlevel (wood density) and environmental (precipitation, cation exchange capacity and soil texture) variables for both tropical biomes. For a given diameter, forest trees from Asia and savanna trees from Australia had smaller crown dimensions than trees in Africa and America, with crown volumes for some Asian forest trees being smaller than those of trees in African forests. /
Main conclusions:
Our results provide new insight into geographical variability, with large continental differences in tropical tree crown allometry that were driven by standâlevel and environmental variables. They have implications for the assessment of ecosystem function and for the monitoring of woody biomass by remote sensing techniques in the global tropics
Photography-based taxonomy is inadequate, unnecessary, and potentially harmful for biological sciences
The question whether taxonomic descriptions naming new animal species without type specimen(s) deposited in collections should be accepted for publication by scientific journals and allowed by the Code has already been discussed in Zootaxa (Dubois & NemĂ©sio 2007; Donegan 2008, 2009; NemĂ©sio 2009aâb; Dubois 2009; Gentile & Snell 2009; Minelli 2009; Cianferoni & Bartolozzi 2016; Amorim et al. 2016). This question was again raised in a letter supported
by 35 signatories published in the journal Nature (Pape et al. 2016) on 15 September 2016. On 25 September 2016, the following rebuttal (strictly limited to 300 words as per the editorial rules of Nature) was submitted to Nature, which on
18 October 2016 refused to publish it. As we think this problem is a very important one for zoological taxonomy, this text is published here exactly as submitted to Nature, followed by the list of the 493 taxonomists and collection-based
researchers who signed it in the short time span from 20 September to 6 October 2016
Safeguarding adults and mass marketing fraud â Perspectives from the police, trading standards and the voluntary sector
Tensiones de crecimiento en Eucalytpus dunnii Maiden.: parĂĄmetros dendromĂ©tricos y anatomĂa de la madera
Berberine inhibits enterovirus 71 replication by downregulating the MEK/ERK signaling pathway and autophagy
Wivesâ Relative Income and Marital Quality in Urban China: The Role of Perceived Equity
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