Система захисту прав людини в Європейському Союзі

В статье рассматриваются вопросы обеспечения защиты прав и основных свобод человека в правовой системе Европейского Союза. Проводится анализ положений Хартии основных прав Евросоюза как основного нормативного документа прав человека Новой Европы, рассматривается структура и содержание Хартии, сфера ее применения в условиях плюралистической демократии, а также соотношение Хартии основных прав Европейского Союза и Европейской Конвенцией о защите прав человека и основных свобод 1950 г. Ключевые слова: защита прав человека, основные права человека, Суд европейских сообществ, Хартия основных прав ЕС, принцип права ЕС, Лиссабонский договор.The article analyses the issues of ensuring the protection of human rights and fundamental freedoms in the European Union legal system. The article carries the analysis of the European Union Charter of fundamental rights provisions as the basic normative document, considerates Charter’s structure and content and sphere of application in pluralistic democracy conditions and also correlation between the European Union Charter of fundamental rights and the European Convention on Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms 1950. Key words: the protection of human rights, fundamental human rights, the Court of European Communities, Charter of fundamental rights, the principle of EU law, the Treaty of Lisbon

Казка як текст (до проблеми структурально-семіотичної інтерпретації)

У статті розглянуто структурально - семіотичну модель інтерпретації казки. Казка представлена як специфічний культурний текст, спрямований на формування наративної й автонаративної репрезентації.The structural-semiotic model in interpre tation of fairy-tale is considered in the article. The fairy-tale is presented as an specific cultural text tends to form the narrative and autonarrative representations

Погляд на архіви

Abstract In a prospective study, the outcome of surgical correction of medial patellar luxation of 70 stifle joints in 55 Pomeranian dogs was evaluated. Trochlear block recession alone was performed in 46 stifle joints, or in combination with tibial tuberosity transposition in 24 stifle joints in cases with grade II, III or IV medial patellar luxation. Additional pro-cedures were performed to restore lateral and medial retinacular function. The recurrence of patellar luxation and the degree of lameness were evaluated up to at least 16 weeks after surgery. The overall recurrence rate was 10%. The outcome of surgery was considered good for grade II luxation with a 100% success rate. Recurrent medial patellar luxation was diagnosed in approximately 11% of dogs with grade III and in 36% of dogs with grade IV luxation. The postoperative lameness score decreased significantly in comparison with the preoperative score at four weeks and thereafter until the end of the study

Довгостроковий часовий прогноз розвитку карсту на Передкарпатті

Здійснено довгостроковий часовий прогноз активізації сульфатного карсту в Передкарпатті. В якості факторів активізації розглянуті сонячна і сейсмічна активність, метеорологічні та гідрогеологічні дані. Основою часового прогнозу, здійсненого до 2020 року, служить теорія про ритмічність природних явищ, їх взаємозв’язок і взаємообумовленість.Осуществлен временной прогноз активизации сульфатного карста в Предкарпатье. В качестве факторов активизации рассмотрены солнечная и сейсмическая активность, метеорологические и гидрогеологические данные. Основой временного прогноза, осуществленного до 2020 года является теория о ритмичности природных явлений, их взаимосвязи и взаимообусловленности.The long-term time forecast of sulfate cockpit activation throughout the Piedmont Carpathians has been accomplished. The leading factors-activators include: solar and seismic activity as well as meteorological and hydro-geological data. The backbone of this prognosis for the period up to 2020 is represented by the theory of rhythm among natural phenomena, their interconnection and stipulation

Stiffness, Strength, and Performance of Unbound Aggregate Material: Application of South African HVS and Laboratory Results to California Flexible Pavements

Caltrans specifies the use of a 75-mm Asphalt Treated Permeable Base (ATPB) layer as standard practice for all new flexible pavement designs in California.(1) The ATPB acts as a drainage layer beneath the asphalt concrete (AC) and is supported by an aggregate base layer. However, the potential exists for water to enter the unbound aggregate base layer from the ATPB layer through the prime coat that separates them. The stiffness, strength, and performance of unbound aggregate layers are largely influenced by moisture content.The assessment of the performance of two types of flexible pavement cross section, one with and one without an ATPB layer, were included in the strategic plan of the CAL/APT program (1994-2000). Goal 1 and Goal 5 of the CAL/APT project (continued in the Partnered Pavement Research Program after 2000) consist of the evaluation of these two sections under dry and wet base conditions, respectively.The evaluation includes accelerated pavement testing using the Heavy Vehicle Simulator (HVS) and laboratory testing. The test plan for Goal 5 (2) includes, the evaluation of the effects of compaction and water content on the stiffness of the aggregate base and subbase layers.The first objective of Goal 5 is to measure the effectiveness of the ATPB layer in the drained pavement in preventing a decrease in stiffness and strength of the unbound layers. Those results are included in References (3-6). It is, however, not only the degree of saturation of an unbound aggregate that influences the performance of the material but also the level of compaction of the material.The objective of this report is to illustrate the effect of the level of compaction and the degree of saturation on the stiffness, strength, and plastic deformation of unbound aggregate layers based on information obtained from HVS and laboratory testing in South Africa. The results will permit extrapolation of Goal 1 and Goal 5 results to other California materials and structures. The information presented in this report also contributes towards the improved understanding and modeling of the behavior of unbound aggregate material for mechanisticempirical design purposes.The scope of the information presented herein is limited to the aggregate used for pavement base and subbase layers. A comparison of California and South Africa specifications for base and subbase aggregate material is presented to identify possible similar material categories for which it is thought similar response and behavior will be exhibited. HVS tests that were performed on pavements with unbound aggregate base layers were identified and the deflection and permanent deformation responses of these test sections were extracted from the CSIR HVS database to be evaluated in terms of the objective of this report. Data from laboratory projects that were performed in association with the HVS program in South Africa in addition to the HVS data are presented in order to facilitate a more detailed evaluation of the effect of density and degree of saturation on the stiffness, strength, and plastic deformation of unbound aggregate material

Orthopedic surgery increases atherosclerotic lesions and necrotic core area in ApoE-/- mice

Background and aims Observational studies show a peak incidence of cardiovascular events after major surgery. For example, the risk of myocardial infarction increases 25-fold early after hip replacement. The acuteness of this increased risk suggests abrupt enhancement in plaque vulnerability, which may be related to intra-plaque inflammation, thinner fibrous cap and/or necrotic core expansion. We hypothesized that acute systemic inflammation following major orthopedic surgery induces such changes. Methods ApoE−/− mice were fed a western diet for 10 weeks. Thereafter, half the mice underwent mid-shaft femur osteotomy followed by realignment with an intramedullary K-wire, to mimic major orthopedic surgery. Mice were sacrificed 5 or 15 days post-surgery (n = 22) or post-saline injection (n = 13). Serum amyloid A (SAA) was measured as a marker of systemic inflammation. Paraffin embedded slides of the aortic root were stained to measure total plaque area and to quantify fibrosis, calcification, necrotic core, and inflammatory cells. Results Surgery mice showed a pronounced elevation of serum amyloid A (SAA) and developed increased plaque and necrotic core area already at 5 days, which reached significance at 15 days (p = 0.019; p = 0.004 for plaque and necrotic core, respectively). Macrophage and lymphocyte density significantly decreased in the surgery group compared to the control group at 15 days (p = 0.037; p = 0.024, respectively). The density of neutrophils and mast cells remained unchanged. Conclusions Major orthopedic surgery in ApoE−/− mice triggers a systemic inflammatory response. Atherosclerotic plaque area is enlarged after surgery mainly due to an increase of the necrotic core. The role of intra-plaque inflammation in this response to surgical injury remains to be fully elucidated. © 2016 Elsevier Ireland Lt

Proximodistal and caudocranial position of the insertion of the patellar ligament on the tibial tuberosity and patellar ligament length of normal stifles and stifles with grade II medial patellar luxation in small-breed dogs

Objective To assess the role of the proximodistal and caudocranial relative position of the patellar ligament insertion on the tibia and patellar ligament length-to-patellar length ratio (PLL:PL) in small-breed dogs with and without grade II medial patellar luxation (MPL). Study Design Retrospective study. Sample Population Dogs weighing ≤15 kg, including 43 stifles with MPL and 34 control stifles. Methods The proximodistal and caudocranial relative position of the patellar ligament insertion was determined as a ratio using the vertical (VTT) and horizontal distance (HTT) between the tibial tuberosity insertion and the tibial plateau divided by the tibial plateau length (TPL). In addition, PLL:PL and tibial plateau angle (TPA) were determined. Results The VTT:TPL ratio was lower in affected stifles (95% CI: 0.86–0.94) than in the control group (0.93–1.01; p = .01). No other difference was identified between affected and normal stifles. Conclusion The only difference identified in this study consisted of a more proximal position of the patellar ligament insertion in the stifles of small-breed dogs with grade II MPL. Clinical Significance The more proximal position of the patellar ligament insertion will result in a more proximal position of the patella in the trochlear groove and may contribute to the development of MPL. Potentially, this will also affect the risk of recurrence of MPL after surgical treatment

Calculating rutting of some thin flexible pavements from repeated load triaxial test data

This paper describes parts of a Nordic pavement performance prediction model study (at the project level of the NordFoU project) where a material performance model, developed at VTT research centre in Finland, has been selected as a mean of calculating the permanently accumulated (plastic) deformation (i.e. rutting) of unbound granular materials (UGMs) in flexible pavements subjected to trafficking. The paper aims to assess the suitability of this VTT model application to Swedish roads comprising thin asphalt layers over a thick UGM base. To achieve this, the VTT model has been used to calculate the deformations of two tested road sections in Sweden. These calculations have been compared with another permanent deformation model for UGM (the Gidel model) and with rutting measurements from trafficked pavements. It is shown from this study that the applied rutting prediction method with VTT model is capable of predicting the development of rutting depth despite some overestimations

Development of an effective phytosanitary regulatory information management system framework for WTO SPS compliance

The World Trade Organisation Agreement on the Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures (WTO SPS) provide the rights and obligations for members to take phytosanitary measures to protect animal, plant and human life or health. Using the guidelines of the WTO SPS Agreement Article 7 this study evaluated the current SPS transparency capacity of the South African regulatory system. Based on the outcome of the evaluation a Best Practice Model for WTO SPS notification and information management was develop to improve WTO SPS compliance for South Africa Phytosanitary capacities of regulatory systems are challenged with increased global agricultural trade and a proliferation of international and regional phytosanitary standards. International Standards for Phytosanitary measures (ISPMs) are developed by the International Plant Protection Convention (IPPC). The concept of phytosanitary capacity was analysed and the International Plant Protection Convention (IPPC) Phytosanitary Capacity Evaluation (PCE) tool evaluated in terms of its scope, purpose and usefulness. South Africa has attempted to address some of its phytosanitary capacity challenges system and organisational challenges by restructuring and strengthening the capacity of its National Plant Protection Organisation (NPPO) in order to meet the demands of international phytosanitary obligations and commitments. This study evaluates the phytosanitary capacity of South Africa and uses the IPPC Phytosanitary Capacity Evaluation (PCE) tool to identify and assess the current constraints impacting on the capacity. Based on the outcome of the PCE recommendations to address information management and capacity constraints are made. The study the used the IPPC Phytosanitary Capacity Evaluation (PCE) tool to evaluate phytosanitary regulatory capacity constraints impacting on the phytosanitary capacity of Malawi. The results from the PCE for Malawi was compared with the results obtained from the PCE for South Africa. The results highlighted the different levels of phytosanitary capacity between a developing country such as South Africa and a Least Developed Country such as Malawi and made recommendations to address the country specific constraints.Dissertation (MInstAgrar)--University of Pretoria, 2011.Microbiology and Plant Pathologyunrestricte