APHASIA, GRAMMAR AND LANGUAGE: A HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE

The present review highlights various aspects of investigations of aphasia. In itshistorical portion it focuses on the main developments until the middle of the20th century (major topics: localization vs. holismi Gesner, Gall, Broca,Wernicke, Lichtheim, Jackson, Marie, Head, Pick, von Monakow, Goldstein). Itscontemporary aspects include linguistic and neuropsycho/ogical investigations ofaphasia (esp. phono/ogical, semantic, syntactic, pragmatic disorders). Finally,basic aspects of aphasia rehabilitation are discussed.Keywords: history of aphasia, phono/ogical disorders, semantic disorders,syntactic disorders, pragmatic disorders, aphasia syndromes, aphasiarehabilitationKatsausartikkelissa kuvataan afasian tutkimuksen eri piirteitä. Historiallisessa katsauksessakeskitytään ennen 1950-lukua tapahtuneeseen edistykseen, jossa yksi keskeinen teema onliittynyt "loka1isationismiin" ja "holismiin". Keskeisiä henkilöitä ovat olleet mm. Gesner,Gall, Broca, Wernicke, Lichtheim, Jackson, Marie, Head, Pick, von Monakowja Goldstein.Nykyisessä afasiatutkimuksessa on painottunut erityisesti fonologisten, semanttisten,syntaktisten ja pragmaattisten häiriöiden kielitieteellinen ja neuropsykologinenkuvaus. Katsauksessa lopussa kuvataan afasiakuntoutuksen nykytilannetta.Avainsanat: afasian historia, fonologiset häiriöt, semanttiset häiriöt, syntaktiset häiriöt,pragmaattiset häiriöt, afasian oireyhtymät, afasiakulltoutu

Didaktik horizontal & vertikal - Didaktische Konzepte und deren Implikationen für die Hochschulentwicklung

Angestossen durch bildungspolitische Reformen wie dem Aufbau eines europäischen Bildungsraums im Bologna-Prozess oder die Einführung von E-Learning in die Hochschule erlebt die Hochschuldidaktik derzeit einen Paradigmenwechsel. Fokussierte sie bislang auf die Gestaltung von Lehr- und Lernprozessen im engeren Sinne, so liefert sie heute einen essentiellen Beitrag zu allen auf die akademische Bildung bezogenen Fragen und Prozessen der Hochschulentwicklung. Dieser Paradigmenwechsel - vom Fokus auf eine Didaktik im engeren Sinne zum erweiterten Blick auf die Implikationen didaktischer Konzepte auf die gesamte Organisation Hochschule - ist Anlass für dieses Themenheft, mit dem die Zeitschrift für Hochschuldidaktik zur Zeitschrift für Hochschulentwicklung umbenannt wird. Schwerpunkt dieses Themenheftes ist die Wirkung strategischer Entscheidungen, struktureller Maßnahmen und didaktisch-inhaltlicher Gestaltung von Bildungsangeboten auf die gesamte Organisation Hochschule. Sowohl horizontal als auch vertikal. 01.03.2006 | Gudrun Bachmann & Gerhild Tesak (Basel

Jean-Martin Charcot’s role in the 19th century study of music aphasia

Jean-Martin Charcot (1825–93) was a well-known French neurologist. Although he is widely recognized for his discovery of several neurological disorders and his research into aphasia, Charcot’s ideas about how the brain processes music are less well known. Charcot discussed the music abilities of several patients in the context of his ‘Friday Lessons’ on aphasia, which took place at the Salpêtrière Hospital in Paris in 1883–84. In his most comprehensive discussion about music, Charcot described a professional trombone player who developed difficulty copying music notation and playing his instrument, thereby identifying a new isolated syndrome of music agraphia without aphasia. Because the description of this case was published only in Italian by one of his students, Domenico Miliotti, there has been considerable confusion and under-acknowledgement of Charcot’s ideas about music and the brain. In this paper, we describe Charcot’s ideas regarding music and place them within the historical context of the growing interest in the neurological underpinnings of music abilities that took place in the 1880s

ACE gene insertion/deletion polymorphism has a mild influence on the acute development of left ventricular dysfunction in patients with ST elevation myocardial infarction treated with primary PCI

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>We evaluated the associations among angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) gene insertion/deletion (I/D) polymorphism, ACE activity and post-myocardial infarction (MI) left ventricular dysfunction and acute heart failure (AHF) early after presentation with MI with ST-segment elevation (STEMI).</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>A total of 556 patients with STEMI treated by primary PCI (421 patients without AHF and 135 patients with AHF) were the study population. The activity of BNP, NT-ProBNP and ACE were measured at hospital admission and 24 h after MI onset. Left ventricular angiography was done before PCI; echocardiography was undertaken between the third and fifth day after MI.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>In comparison with the II genotypes group, the DD/ID group had a higher level of ACE activity upon hospital admission (p < 0.001). We found a significantly higher level of ACE activity in patients with moderate LV dysfunction (EF 40-54%) in comparison both with patients with preserved LV function (EF ≥55%) and with patients with severe LV dysfunction (p = 0.028). A non-significant trend towards a higher incidence of mild AHF (22.1% vs. 16.02%, p = 0,093), a significantly higher value of end-systolic volume (ESV/BSA) (30.0 ± 12.3 vs. 28.5 ± 13.0; p < 0.05) and lower EF (50.2 ± 11.1 vs. 52.7 ± 11.7; p < 0.05) in the DD/ID genotypes group was noted. Even after multiple adjustments according to multivariate models, the EF for the DD/ID group remained significantly lower (p = 0,033). The DD/ID genotypes were associated with a significantly higher risk of EF <45% (OR 2.04 [95% CI 1.28; 3.25]).</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>These results suggest that the I/D polymorphism of ACE is associated with the development of LV dysfunction in the acute phase after STEMI. We demonstrated for the first time an association of the low ACE activity with the severe LV dysfunction, although patients with moderate LV dysfunction had higher level ACE activity than patients with preserved LV function.</p

Antiinflammatory Therapy with Canakinumab for Atherosclerotic Disease

Background: Experimental and clinical data suggest that reducing inflammation without affecting lipid levels may reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease. Yet, the inflammatory hypothesis of atherothrombosis has remained unproved. Methods: We conducted a randomized, double-blind trial of canakinumab, a therapeutic monoclonal antibody targeting interleukin-1β, involving 10,061 patients with previous myocardial infarction and a high-sensitivity C-reactive protein level of 2 mg or more per liter. The trial compared three doses of canakinumab (50 mg, 150 mg, and 300 mg, administered subcutaneously every 3 months) with placebo. The primary efficacy end point was nonfatal myocardial infarction, nonfatal stroke, or cardiovascular death. RESULTS: At 48 months, the median reduction from baseline in the high-sensitivity C-reactive protein level was 26 percentage points greater in the group that received the 50-mg dose of canakinumab, 37 percentage points greater in the 150-mg group, and 41 percentage points greater in the 300-mg group than in the placebo group. Canakinumab did not reduce lipid levels from baseline. At a median follow-up of 3.7 years, the incidence rate for the primary end point was 4.50 events per 100 person-years in the placebo group, 4.11 events per 100 person-years in the 50-mg group, 3.86 events per 100 person-years in the 150-mg group, and 3.90 events per 100 person-years in the 300-mg group. The hazard ratios as compared with placebo were as follows: in the 50-mg group, 0.93 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.80 to 1.07; P = 0.30); in the 150-mg group, 0.85 (95% CI, 0.74 to 0.98; P = 0.021); and in the 300-mg group, 0.86 (95% CI, 0.75 to 0.99; P = 0.031). The 150-mg dose, but not the other doses, met the prespecified multiplicity-adjusted threshold for statistical significance for the primary end point and the secondary end point that additionally included hospitalization for unstable angina that led to urgent revascularization (hazard ratio vs. placebo, 0.83; 95% CI, 0.73 to 0.95; P = 0.005). Canakinumab was associated with a higher incidence of fatal infection than was placebo. There was no significant difference in all-cause mortality (hazard ratio for all canakinumab doses vs. placebo, 0.94; 95% CI, 0.83 to 1.06; P = 0.31). Conclusions: Antiinflammatory therapy targeting the interleukin-1β innate immunity pathway with canakinumab at a dose of 150 mg every 3 months led to a significantly lower rate of recurrent cardiovascular events than placebo, independent of lipid-level lowering. (Funded by Novartis; CANTOS ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT01327846.

Neuro- and Patholinguistics. An Introduction to GLS 35

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Stosunki finansowe między bankami komercyjnymi i przedsiębiorstwami przemysłowymi: zasady organizowania i ryzyka

In the article a  system of principles of optimizing financial relationship of industrial enterprise with commercial banks is proposed, methodological approach to risk assessment of industrial enterprise relationships with commercial banks at different stages of cooperation is justified, in particular, the factor models to identify indicators that characterize the level of risk from the perspective of both sides of the relationship are proposed.W  pracy zaproponowano system zasad optymalizujących relacje finansowe pomiędzy przedsiębiorstwami przemysłowymi a  bankami komercyjnymi. Uzasadniono podejście metodyczne do oceny ryzyka tych relacji na różnych etapach współpracy. W  szczególności zaproponowano model identyfikacji wskaźników charakteryzujących poziom ryzyka z  perspektywy obu stron (banku i przedsiębiorstwa)