86 research outputs found
PATTERNS OF SUBCHONDRAL MINERALIZATION OF THE METACARPOPHALANGEAL JOINT OF THE THUMB
The decisive relevance of the metacarpophalangeal joint (MPJ) of the thumb is obvious in respect of the need for the grip functions of the hand particularly regarding different kinds of sport. Surprisingly, there is a lack of information especially about the functional morphology of this joint. Based on CT osteoabsorptiometry (CT-OAM) 10 MPJs aged 52-90 years were investigated and mineralization patterns from the subchondral bone plates assessed. It was shown that the mineralization was higher in the phalangeal part than in the metacarpal one. While the maximum of mineralization lied in the phalangeal plate near the dorsal border in the metacarpal plate it was located more centrally. It was concluded that under high load the contact area also was oriented close to the dorsal joint part. This could be explained by the particular kinematics of this joint. Furthermore, a displacement of the resultant during the end phase of movements could be made responsible for this morphologic reaction
Superconducting BSCCO Ceramics as Additive to the Zinc Electrode Mass in the Rechargeable Nickel-Zinc Batteries
The electronic conductivity of the main component of the zinc electrode in the rechargeable zinc-nickel battery – ZnO, is rather poor and this is the main reason for the electrochemical heterogeneity of the anode mass and the loss of active surface area during charge/discharge cycling with a corresponding negative effect on the electrode characteristics In the present work, the possibility of application of superconductive cuprate Bi-Pb-Sr-Ca-Cu-O (BSCCO) ceramic as a multifunctional conductive additive to the zinc electrode mass is studied. Powder samples of the BSCCO ceramic Bi1,7Pb0,3Sr2Ca2Cu3Ox are produced by two-stage solid-state synthesis and they are physicochemically characterized. The XRD patterns and SEM observation reveal a well crystallized single phase of superconducting 2212 BSCCO system with average crystallite size 5-10 µm. The chemical stability of BSCCO ceramics in highly alkaline medium of the Ni-Zn battery is confirmed by structural and morphological analysis (XRD, SEM and EDX) of the samples before and after prolong exposure (96 h) to 7M KOH. The electrochemical tests are carried out by a specially designed prismatic alkaline Ni-Zn battery cell with conventional sintered type nickel electrodes and pasted zinc electrode with active electrode mass based on ZnO (88 wt.%) and addition of BSCCO powder or acetylene black as conductive additives. The study show that the zinc electrode with BSCCO superconducting ceramic additive exhibits very good cycleability, remarkable capacity stability and much higher discharge capacity at prolong charge/discharge cycling in comparison to the  zinc electrode with the “classic” carbon conductive additive. It is suggested that the addition of BSCCO ceramics improves not only conductivity of the electrode mass and reduces the gas evolution but also stabilizes porosity structure. The results obtained prove the possibility of application of superconducting BSCCO ceramics as a multifunctional additive to the active mass of the zinc electrodes for alkaline battery systems
On the Influence of Uncertainties in Chemical Reaction Rates on Results of the Astrochemical Modelling
With the chemical reaction rate database UMIST95 (Millar et al. 1997) we
analyze how uncertainties in rate constants of gas-phase chemical reactions
influence the modelling of molecular abundances in the interstellar medium.
Random variations are introduced into the rate constants to estimate the
scatter in theoretical abundances. Calculations are performed for dark and
translucent molecular clouds where gas phase chemistry is adequate. Similar
approach was used by Pineau des Forets & Roueff (2000) for the study of
chemical bistability. All the species are divided into 6 sensitivity groups
according to the value of the scatter in their model abundances computed with
varied rate constants. It is shown that the distribution of species within
these groups depends on the number of atoms in a molecule and on the adopted
physical conditions. The simple method is suggested which allows to single out
reactions that are most important for the evolution of a given species.Comment: 4 pages. To appear in the proceedings of the 4th Cologne-Bonn Zermatt
Symposiu
The asynchronous rapid single-flux quantum electronics – a promising alternative for the development of high-performance digital circuits
In this paper, we investigate the application of the asynchronous logic approach for the realization of ultra highspeed digital electronics with high complexity. We evaluate the possible physical, technological, and schematical origins of restrictions limiting such an application, and propose solutions for their overcoming. Although our considerations are based on the rapid single-flux quantum technique, the conclusions derived can be generalized about any type of digital information coding
CCH in prestellar cores
We study the abundance of CCH in prestellar cores both because of its role in
the chemistry and because it is a potential probe of the magnetic field. We
also consider the non-LTE behaviour of the N=1-0 and N=2-1 transitions of CCH
and improve current estimates of the spectroscopic constants of CCH. We used
the IRAM 30m radiotelescope to map the N=1-0 and N=2-1 transitions of CCH
towards the prestellar cores L1498 and CB246. Towards CB246, we also mapped the
1.3 mm dust emission, the J=1-0 transition of N2H+ and the J=2-1 transition of
C18O. We used a Monte Carlo radiative transfer program to analyse the CCH
observations of L1498. We derived the distribution of CCH column densities and
compared with the H2 column densities inferred from dust emission. We find that
while non-LTE intensity ratios of different components of the N=1-0 and N=2-1
lines are present, they are of minor importance and do not impede CCH column
density determinations based upon LTE analysis. Moreover, the comparison of our
Monte-Carlo calculations with observations suggest that the non-LTE deviations
can be qualitatively understood. For L1498, our observations in conjunction
with the Monte Carlo code imply a CCH depletion hole of radius 9 x 10^{16} cm
similar to that found for other C-containing species. We briefly discuss the
significance of the observed CCH abundance distribution. Finally, we used our
observations to provide improved estimates for the rest frequencies of all six
components of the CCH(1-0) line and seven components of CCH(2-1). Based on
these results, we compute improved spectroscopic constants for CCH. We also
give a brief discussion of the prospects for measuring magnetic field strengths
using CCH.Comment: 14 pages, 13 figures, to be published in Astronomy and Astrophysic
Physical-chemical modeling of the low-mass protostar IRAS 16293-2422
We present detailed gas-phase chemical models for the envelope of the
low-mass star-forming region IRAS 16293-2422. By considering both time- and
space-dependent chemistry, these models are used to study both the physical
structure proposed by Schoier et al. (2002), as well as the chemical evolution
of this region. A new feature of our study is the use of a detailed,
self-consistent radiative transfer model to translate the model abundances into
line strengths and compare them directly with observations of a total of 76
transitions for 18 chemical species, and their isotopes. The model can
reproduce many of the line strengths observed within 50%. The best fit is for
times in the range of 3e3 - 3e4 yrs, and requires only minor modifications to
our model for the high-mass star-forming region AFGL 2591. The ionization rate
for the source may be higher than previously expected -- either due to an
enhanced cosmic-ray ionization rate, or, more probably, to the presence of
X-ray induced ionization from the center. A significant fraction of the CO is
found to desorb in the temperature range of 15-40 K; below this temperature,
\~90% or more of the CO is frozen out. The inability of the model to explain
the HCS+, C2H, and OCS abundances suggests the importance of further laboratory
studies of basic reaction rates. Finally, predictions of the abundances and
spatial distributions of other species which could be observed by future
facilities (e.g., Herschel-HIFI, SOFIA, millimeter arrays) are provided.Comment: 15 pages, 11 Figures, accepted for publication by A&
A low fraction of nitrogen in molecular form in a dark cloud
Nitrogen is the fifth most abundant element in the Universe. In the interstellar medium, it has been thought to be mostly molecular (N-2)(1). However, N-2 has no observable rotational or vibrational transitions, so its abundance in the interstellar medium remains poorly known. In comets, the N-2 abundance is very low(2,3), while the elemental nitrogen abundance is deficient with respect to the solar value. Moreover, large nitrogen isotopic anomalies are observed in meteorites and interstellar dust particles(4). Here we report the N2H+ (and by inference the N-2) abundance inside a cold dark molecular cloud. We find that only a small fraction of nitrogen in the gas phase is molecular, with most of it being atomic. Because the compositions of comets probably reflect those of dark clouds(5), this result explains the low N-2 abundance in comets. We argue that the elemental nitrogen abundance deficiency in comets can be understood if the atomic oxygen abundance is lower than predicted by present chemical models. Furthermore, the lack of molecular nitrogen in molecular clouds explains the nitrogen anomalies in meteorites and interstellar dust particles, as nitrogen fractionation is enhanced if gaseous nitrogen is atomic(6).Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/62670/1/nature04919.pd
AC loss in ReBCO pancake coils and stacks of them: modelling and measurement
Many applications of ReBCO coated conductors contain stacks of pancake coils.
In order to reduce their high AC loss, it is necessary to understand the loss
mechanisms. In this article, we measure and simulate the AC loss and the
critical current, I_c, in stacks of pancake coils ("pancakes"). We construct
stacks of up to 4 pancakes and we measure them by electrical means. We also
obtain the anisotropic field dependence of J_c from I_c measurements of the
tape. This J_c is the only input to the simulations, together with the coil
dimensions. After validating our computations with the measurements, we
simulate stacks of many pancakes, up to 32. We found that the AC loss in a
stack of (four) pancakes is very high, two orders of magnitude larger than for
a single tape. A double pancake behaves as a single one with double width but a
stack of more pancakes is very different. Finally, we found that a 2-strand
Roebel cable reduces the AC loss in a stack of pancakes but not in a single
pancake. In conclusion, the AC loss in stacks of pancakes is too high. However,
our simulations are useful to predict the AC loss and optimise the coil design,
reducing the AC loss.Comment: 34 pages, 18 figures. All figures are modified; figures 3, 7 and 10
are new. Text thoroughly revised and extende
SURVIVAL, INDUCTION AND RESUSCITATION OF Vibrio cholerae FROM THE VIABLE BUT NON-CULTURABLE STATE IN THE SOUTHERN CARIBBEAN SEA
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