Enseñanza de la Química en Secundaria y Bachillerato: Elementos y compuestos de especial interés en diversas aplicaciones

En el presente trabajo se plantean varias actividades didácticas destinadas a los distintos niveles de Educación Secundaria Obligatoria (ESO) y Bachillerato para las asignaturas de Física y Química (en ESO y 1º de Bachillerato) y Química de 2º de Bachillerato. Para ello ha tomado como referencia la legislación vigente en materia de Educación: Ley Orgánica para la Mejora de la Calidad Educativa (LOMCE) y su implantación en la Comunidad Autónoma de Castilla y León: Orden EDU/362/2015 y Orden EDU/363/2015. El tema vertebrador de las actividades propuestas es: “Elementos y compuestos de especial interés en diversas aplicaciones”, incluyendo una revisión del currículo de las materias mencionadas en relación con dicha temática. Asimismo, se recoge la aplicación práctica de dos de las actividades didácticas propuestas, llevada a cabo en el Instituto de Educación Secundaria “Vega del Prado” (Valladolid), en la que se incluye la programación, la evaluación, las conclusiones, las propuestas de mejora y su posible aplicación en otros niveles educativos.Departamento de Química Física y Química InorgánicaMáster en Profesor de Educación Secundaria Obligatoria y Bachillerato, Formación Profesional y Enseñanzas de Idioma

Programación de controlador predictivo en EcosimPro® e implementación en planta de distribución de oxígeno

El presente proyecto presenta la aplicación de un controlador predictivo no lineal (NMPC), programado en EcosimPro®, a la planta de distribución de oxígeno instalada en el Laboratorio del Departamento de Ingeniería de Sistemas y Automática (EII Sede Dr. Mergelina, Universidad de Valladolid), que simula el comportamiento de una red de distribución de hidrógeno en una refinería. La planta, cuya descripción detallada se muestra en el apartado 4, consta de dos generadores de oxígeno que aportan flujos de gas con distinta pureza. Se dispone de dos colectores para la circulación de sendos flujos con tres ramas de aporte por cada colector a tres unidades consumidoras de oxígeno. Dichas unidades son depósitos de tanque agitado por los que circula un flujo continuo de agua impulsado por bombas peristálticas, de tal modo que el consumo de oxígeno está basado en el fenómeno de difusión gas‐líquido. Las variables medidas en cada unidad son la concentración de oxígeno disuelto (variable controlada) y la temperatura (perturbación medible), siendo las referencias de los controladores PID de flujo de gas en las ramas de aporte a cada unidad las variables manipuladas en el problema de control. Inicialmente, se crea una librería en EcosimPro con la simulación del modelo, previamente identificado y validado, y la programación del controlador predictivo, tomando como suposición inicial que dicho modelo es idéntico al proceso, y posteriormente introduciendo desviaciones en los parámetros para estudiar la corrección de los errores de modelado. Para ello, se plantea un problema adicional de minimización en el que la función objetivo es el sumatorio del cuadrado de las diferencias entre los valores de la variable predicha por el modelo y los valores reales medidos del proceso, a lo largo de un horizonte móvil, teniendo como variable de decisión un parámetro de perturbación no medible que modifica el modelo para ajustarlo a los valores reales (Moving Horizon Estimation, MHE). Una vez programado el control predictivo, se establece el esquema de comunicaciones necesario para su implantación a la planta en tiempo real vía OPC, gracias a la posibilidad de crear servidores OPC a partir de los códigos de EcosimPro y configurando el intercambio de variables en el SCADA EDUSCA (Educational Scada), que permite la interacción del usuario con el proceso. En resumen, este proyecto presenta una nueva funcionalidad de EcosimPro, que además de simular el comportamiento de un modelo, es capaz de llevar a cabo el control y la supervisión de un proceso real mediante la creación de servidores OPC a partir de los códigos programados.Departamento de Ingeniería de Sistemas y AutomáticaMáster en Investigación en Ingeniería de Procesos y Sistemas Industriale

Treatment with tocilizumab or corticosteroids for COVID-19 patients with hyperinflammatory state: a multicentre cohort study (SAM-COVID-19)

Objectives: The objective of this study was to estimate the association between tocilizumab or corticosteroids and the risk of intubation or death in patients with coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) with a hyperinflammatory state according to clinical and laboratory parameters. Methods: A cohort study was performed in 60 Spanish hospitals including 778 patients with COVID-19 and clinical and laboratory data indicative of a hyperinflammatory state. Treatment was mainly with tocilizumab, an intermediate-high dose of corticosteroids (IHDC), a pulse dose of corticosteroids (PDC), combination therapy, or no treatment. Primary outcome was intubation or death; follow-up was 21 days. Propensity score-adjusted estimations using Cox regression (logistic regression if needed) were calculated. Propensity scores were used as confounders, matching variables and for the inverse probability of treatment weights (IPTWs). Results: In all, 88, 117, 78 and 151 patients treated with tocilizumab, IHDC, PDC, and combination therapy, respectively, were compared with 344 untreated patients. The primary endpoint occurred in 10 (11.4%), 27 (23.1%), 12 (15.4%), 40 (25.6%) and 69 (21.1%), respectively. The IPTW-based hazard ratios (odds ratio for combination therapy) for the primary endpoint were 0.32 (95%CI 0.22-0.47; p < 0.001) for tocilizumab, 0.82 (0.71-1.30; p 0.82) for IHDC, 0.61 (0.43-0.86; p 0.006) for PDC, and 1.17 (0.86-1.58; p 0.30) for combination therapy. Other applications of the propensity score provided similar results, but were not significant for PDC. Tocilizumab was also associated with lower hazard of death alone in IPTW analysis (0.07; 0.02-0.17; p < 0.001). Conclusions: Tocilizumab might be useful in COVID-19 patients with a hyperinflammatory state and should be prioritized for randomized trials in this situatio

Spatiotemporal Characteristics of the Largest HIV-1 CRF02_AG Outbreak in Spain: Evidence for Onward Transmissions

Background and Aim: The circulating recombinant form 02_AG (CRF02_AG) is the predominant clade among the human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1) non-Bs with a prevalence of 5.97% (95% Confidence Interval-CI: 5.41–6.57%) across Spain. Our aim was to estimate the levels of regional clustering for CRF02_AG and the spatiotemporal characteristics of the largest CRF02_AG subepidemic in Spain.Methods: We studied 396 CRF02_AG sequences obtained from HIV-1 diagnosed patients during 2000–2014 from 10 autonomous communities of Spain. Phylogenetic analysis was performed on the 391 CRF02_AG sequences along with all globally sampled CRF02_AG sequences (N = 3,302) as references. Phylodynamic and phylogeographic analysis was performed to the largest CRF02_AG monophyletic cluster by a Bayesian method in BEAST v1.8.0 and by reconstructing ancestral states using the criterion of parsimony in Mesquite v3.4, respectively.Results: The HIV-1 CRF02_AG prevalence differed across Spanish autonomous communities we sampled from (p &lt; 0.001). Phylogenetic analysis revealed that 52.7% of the CRF02_AG sequences formed 56 monophyletic clusters, with a range of 2–79 sequences. The CRF02_AG regional dispersal differed across Spain (p = 0.003), as suggested by monophyletic clustering. For the largest monophyletic cluster (subepidemic) (N = 79), 49.4% of the clustered sequences originated from Madrid, while most sequences (51.9%) had been obtained from men having sex with men (MSM). Molecular clock analysis suggested that the origin (tMRCA) of the CRF02_AG subepidemic was in 2002 (median estimate; 95% Highest Posterior Density-HPD interval: 1999–2004). Additionally, we found significant clustering within the CRF02_AG subepidemic according to the ethnic origin.Conclusion: CRF02_AG has been introduced as a result of multiple introductions in Spain, following regional dispersal in several cases. We showed that CRF02_AG transmissions were mostly due to regional dispersal in Spain. The hot-spot for the largest CRF02_AG regional subepidemic in Spain was in Madrid associated with MSM transmission risk group. The existence of subepidemics suggest that several spillovers occurred from Madrid to other areas. CRF02_AG sequences from Hispanics were clustered in a separate subclade suggesting no linkage between the local and Hispanic subepidemics

Elaboración de casos clínicos para el aprendizaje basado en casos prácticos: una herramienta pedagógica para la inmersión en la materia de profesores noveles y un recurso didáctico en la metodología de aprendizaje con participación del estudiante

El proyecto propone la elaboración de nuevos casos clínicos que asemejen situaciones reales sobre los que los estudiantes puedan desarrollar un aprendizaje autónomo dirigido por el profesorado en función de los conceptos que sean de interés para cada grupo farmacológico y acercándole a la situación más cercana a su práctica profesional. Los objetivos del proyecto son: 1) Generar una base de nuevos casos clínicos dirigidos a que los estudiantes trabajen sobre grupos de fármacos en un contexto lo más real posible. Los diferentes casos que se elaboren en este proyecto podrán ser utilizados en la docencia de diversas asignaturas impartidas por miembros del departamento de Farmacología y Toxicología. Las sesiones dirigidas al estudio basado en la resolución de casos se plantean como una herramienta docente que tiene como finalidad el desarrollo de competencias transversales como promover la motivación, el trabajo en equipo, la participación de los estudiantes en los debates, así como, fomentar el pensamiento crítico y el conocimiento del método científico. Este tipo de aprendizaje en contexto facilita la integración de los conocimientos y su mayor retención además de la dotar a los estudiantes con las habilidades para fomentar un aprendizaje continuo. 2) Apoyar la formación del profesorado de reciente incorporación, así como del personal investigador que participan como colabores en tareas docentes del departamento y que podrían ser potenciales futuros docentes.Depto. de Farmacología y ToxicologíaFac. de MedicinaFALSEsubmitte

Impact of late presentation of HIV infection on short-, mid- and long-term mortality and causes of death in a multicenter national cohort : 2004-2013

To analyze the impact of late presentation (LP) on overall mortality and causes of death and describe LP trends and risk factors (2004-2013). Cox models and logistic regression were used to analyze data from a nation-wide cohort in Spain. LP is defined as being diagnosed when CD4 < 350 cells/ml or AIDS. Of 7165 new HIV diagnoses, 46.9% (CI:45.7-48.0) were LP, 240 patients died.First-year mortality was the highest (aHR = 10.3[CI:5.5-19.3]); between 1 and 4 years post-diagnosis, aHR = 1.9(1.2-3.0); an

COVID-19 in hospitalized HIV-positive and HIV-negative patients : A matched study

CatedresObjectives: We compared the characteristics and clinical outcomes of hospitalized individuals with COVID-19 with [people with HIV (PWH)] and without (non-PWH) HIV co-infection in Spain during the first wave of the pandemic. Methods: This was a retrospective matched cohort study. People with HIV were identified by reviewing clinical records and laboratory registries of 10 922 patients in active-follow-up within the Spanish HIV Research Network (CoRIS) up to 30 June 2020. Each hospitalized PWH was matched with five non-PWH of the same age and sex randomly selected from COVID-19@Spain, a multicentre cohort of 4035 patients hospitalized with confirmed COVID-19. The main outcome was all-cause in-hospital mortality. Results: Forty-five PWH with PCR-confirmed COVID-19 were identified in CoRIS, 21 of whom were hospitalized. A total of 105 age/sex-matched controls were selected from the COVID-19@Spain cohort. The median age in both groups was 53 (Q1-Q3, 46-56) years, and 90.5% were men. In PWH, 19.1% were injecting drug users, 95.2% were on antiretroviral therapy, 94.4% had HIV-RNA < 50 copies/mL, and the median (Q1-Q3) CD4 count was 595 (349-798) cells/μL. No statistically significant differences were found between PWH and non-PWH in number of comorbidities, presenting signs and symptoms, laboratory parameters, radiology findings and severity scores on admission. Corticosteroids were administered to 33.3% and 27.4% of PWH and non-PWH, respectively (P = 0.580). Deaths during admission were documented in two (9.5%) PWH and 12 (11.4%) non-PWH (P = 0.800). Conclusions: Our findings suggest that well-controlled HIV infection does not modify the clinical presentation or worsen clinical outcomes of COVID-19 hospitalization

Discovering HIV related information by means of association rules and machine learning

Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) is still one of the main health problems worldwide. It is therefore essential to keep making progress in improving the prognosis and quality of life of affected patients. One way to advance along this pathway is to uncover connections between other disorders associated with HIV/AIDS-so that they can be anticipated and possibly mitigated. We propose to achieve this by using Association Rules (ARs). They allow us to represent the dependencies between a number of diseases and other specific diseases. However, classical techniques systematically generate every AR meeting some minimal conditions on data frequency, hence generating a vast amount of uninteresting ARs, which need to be filtered out. The lack of manually annotated ARs has favored unsupervised filtering, even though they produce limited results. In this paper, we propose a semi-supervised system, able to identify relevant ARs among HIV-related diseases with a minimal amount of annotated training data. Our system has been able to extract a good number of relationships between HIV-related diseases that have been previously detected in the literature but are scattered and are often little known. Furthermore, a number of plausible new relationships have shown up which deserve further investigation by qualified medical experts

How do women living with HIV experience menopause? Menopausal symptoms, anxiety and depression according to reproductive age in a multicenter cohort

CatedresBackground: To estimate the prevalence and severity of menopausal symptoms and anxiety/depression and to assess the differences according to menopausal status among women living with HIV aged 45-60 years from the cohort of Spanish HIV/AIDS Research Network (CoRIS). Methods: Women were interviewed by phone between September 2017 and December 2018 to determine whether they had experienced menopausal symptoms and anxiety/depression. The Menopause Rating Scale was used to evaluate the prevalence and severity of symptoms related to menopause in three subscales: somatic, psychologic and urogenital; and the 4-item Patient Health Questionnaire was used for anxiety/depression. Logistic regression models were used to estimate odds ratios (ORs) of association between menopausal status, and other potential risk factors, the presence and severity of somatic, psychological and urogenital symptoms and of anxiety/depression. Results: Of 251 women included, 137 (54.6%) were post-, 70 (27.9%) peri- and 44 (17.5%) pre-menopausal, respectively. Median age of onset menopause was 48 years (IQR 45-50). The proportions of pre-, peri- and post-menopausal women who had experienced any menopausal symptoms were 45.5%, 60.0% and 66.4%, respectively. Both peri- and post-menopause were associated with a higher likelihood of having somatic symptoms (aOR 3.01; 95% CI 1.38-6.55 and 2.63; 1.44-4.81, respectively), while post-menopause increased the likelihood of having psychological (2.16; 1.13-4.14) and urogenital symptoms (2.54; 1.42-4.85). By other hand, post-menopausal women had a statistically significant five-fold increase in the likelihood of presenting severe urogenital symptoms than pre-menopausal women (4.90; 1.74-13.84). No significant differences by menopausal status were found for anxiety/depression. Joint/muscle problems, exhaustion and sleeping disorders were the most commonly reported symptoms among all women. Differences in the prevalences of vaginal dryness (p = 0.002), joint/muscle complaints (p = 0.032), and sweating/flush (p = 0.032) were found among the three groups. Conclusions: Women living with HIV experienced a wide variety of menopausal symptoms, some of them initiated before women had any menstrual irregularity. We found a higher likelihood of somatic symptoms in peri- and post-menopausal women, while a higher likelihood of psychological and urogenital symptoms was found in post-menopausal women. Most somatic symptoms were of low or moderate severity, probably due to the good clinical and immunological situation of these women

Prediction of long-term outcomes of HIV-infected patients developing non-AIDS events using a multistate approach

Outcomes of people living with HIV (PLWH) developing non-AIDS events (NAEs) remain poorly defined. We aimed to classify NAEs according to severity, and to describe clinical outcomes and prognostic factors after NAE occurrence using data from CoRIS, a large Spanish HIV cohort from 2004 to 2013. Prospective multicenter cohort study. Using a multistate approach we estimated 3 transition probabilities: from alive and NAE-free to alive and NAE-experienced ("NAE development"); from alive and NAE-experienced to death ("Death after NAE"); and from alive and NAE-free to death ("Death without NAE"). We analyzed the effect of different covariates, including demographic, immunologic and virologic data, on death or NAE development, based on estimates of hazard ratios (HR). We focused on the transition "Death after NAE". 8,789 PLWH were followed-up until death, cohort censoring or loss to follow-up. 792 first incident NAEs occurred in 9.01% PLWH (incidence rate 28.76; 95% confidence interval [CI], 26.80-30.84, per 1000 patient-years). 112 (14.14%) NAE-experienced PLWH and 240 (2.73%) NAE-free PLWH died. Adjusted HR for the transition "Death after NAE" was 12.1 (95%CI, 4.90-29.89). There was a graded increase in the adjusted HRs for mortality according to NAE severity category: HR (95%CI), 4.02 (2.45-6.57) for intermediate-severity; and 9.85 (5.45-17.81) for serious NAEs compared to low-severity NAEs. Male sex (HR 2.04; 95% CI, 1.11-3.84), ag