Old and Difficult Grievances: Examining the Relationship Between the Métis and the Crown

The inclusion of section 35 in the Constitution Act, 1982 was intended to address the old and difficult grievances of the Aboriginal peoples of Canada. In particular, it was meant to fundamentally change the relationship between Aboriginal peoples and the Crown. Since 1982, the Supreme Court of Canada has, in a series of more than 35 cases, set out the principles governing the relationship between the Aboriginal peoples of Canada and the Crown. In R. v. Powley, the Court applied those principles to the Métis. The paper examines the historical relationship between the Crown and the Métis and in particular looks to what has been happening post-Powley. Historically, the difficulty has always been that the Crown deals with the Métis as individuals and has refused to deal with the m as a people. In the contemporary context the issue is how the Crown is to implement a relationship with a people it has long denied and no longer knows. The paper looks to the issues of consultation and accommodation and how these can be carried out for the Métis. The conclusion of this paper is that despite 1982, more than 20 years of Supreme Court of Canada rulings and Powley, the Crown continues to ignore Métis collectives with the result that there is little to no progress in the reconciliation of the old and difficult grievances of the Métis

Excitation of local magnetic moments by tunnelling electrons

The advent of milli-kelvin scanning tunneling microscopes (STM) with inbuilt magnetic fields has opened access to the study of magnetic phenomena with atomic resolution at surfaces. In the case of single atoms adsorbed on a surface, the existence of different magnetic energy levels localized on the adsorbate is due to the breaking of the rotational invariance of the adsorbate spin by the interaction with its environment, leading to energy terms in the meV range. These structures were revealed by STM experiments in IBM Almaden in the early 2000's for atomic adsorbates on CuN surfaces. The experiments consisted in the study of the changes in conductance caused by inelastic tunnelling of electrons (IETS, Inelastic Electron Tunnelling Spectroscopy). Manganese and Iron adatoms were shown to have different magnetic anisotropies induced by the substrate. More experiments by other groups followed up, showing that magnetic excitations could be detected in a variety of systems: e.g. complex organic molecules showed that their magnetic anistropy was dependent on the molecular environment, piles of magnetic molecules showed that they interact via intermolecular exchange interaction, spin waves were excited on ferromagnetic surfaces and in Mn chains, and magnetic impurities have been analyzed on semiconductors. These experiments brought up some intriguing questions: the efficiency of magnetic excitations was very high, the excitations could or could not involve spin flip of the exciting electron and singular-like behavior was sometimes found at the excitation thresholds. These facts called for extended theoretical analysis; perturbation theories, sudden-approximation approaches and a strong coupling scheme successfully explained most of the magnetic inelastic processes. In addition, many-body approaches were also used to decipher the interplay between inelasComment: Review article to appear in Progress of Surface Scienc

Transdisciplinary participatory-action-research from questions to actionable knowledge for sustainable viticulture development

Viticulture negatively impacts the environment, biodiversity, and human health; however, despite the widely acknowledged challenges that this intensive agricultural activity poses to sustainable development, measures to reduce its invasiveness are constantly being deferred or rebuffed. Constraints to change are linked to vine cultivation methods, the impacts of climate change on vine resilience and disease sensitivity, and socio-economic models, as well as growing criticisms from society. Research and training have thus far failed to provide solutions or mobilise stakeholders on a large scale. Such resistance to sustainable practices development calls into question the effectiveness of knowledge production systems and relations between scientists, winegrowers, and society: Have scientific disciplines overly isolated themselves from each other and from the wider society to the point of losing the capacity to incorporate alternative forms of knowledge and reasoning and achieve collaborative action? Herein, we describe our findings from a participatory action research project that began in Westhalten, France, in 2013 and ultimately spread to Switzerland and Germany over the next 6 years. We show that participatory action research can mobilise long-term collaborations between winegrowers, NGOs, advisers, elected officials, members of civil society, and researchers, despite differing visions of viticulture and the environment. The epistemological framework of this research promotes consensus-building by valuing complexity and dissensus in knowledge and reasoning such that all actors are involved in experimentation and the production of results. From these findings, consensus statements were collectively elaborated in qualitative and quantitative registers. Once acknowledged by the scientific community, these consensus statements became shareable knowledge. We propose that this renewed interdisciplinarity associating the human and social sciences with agronomic and biological sciences in collaboration with stakeholders produces actionable knowledge that mobilises and engages winegrowers to conceive and implement sustainable viticulture on a transnational scale

Ground-Based Optical Measurements at European Flux Sites: A Review of Methods, Instruments and Current Controversies

This paper reviews the currently available optical sensors, their limitations and opportunities for deployment at Eddy Covariance (EC) sites in Europe. This review is based on the results obtained from an online survey designed and disseminated by the Co-cooperation in Science and Technology (COST) Action ESO903—“Spectral Sampling Tools for Vegetation Biophysical Parameters and Flux Measurements in Europe” that provided a complete view on spectral sampling activities carried out within the different research teams in European countries. The results have highlighted that a wide variety of optical sensors are in use at flux sites across Europe, and responses further demonstrated that users were not always fully aware of the key issues underpinning repeatability and the reproducibility of their spectral measurements. The key findings of this survey point towards the need for greater awareness of the need for standardisation and development of a common protocol of optical sampling at the European EC sites

The Métis and Thirty Years of Section 35: How Constitutional Protection for Métis Rights Has Led to the Loss of the Rule of Law

This paper chronicles the inclusion of the Métis in section 35 of the Constitution Act, 1982, their battle for a seat in the Constitutional Conferences that followed and their litigation journeys since 1990. The paper examines the lethal combination of section 35, section 52 and the urgings of the Supreme Court of Canada that reconciliation is to be accomplished by negotiations. The negotiated agreements that result from their court “victories” have been implemented (or not) according to the shifting winds of provincial politics. Métis rights are governed not by laws, but by policies and guidelines that the Métis know nothing about. Many of these policies are not published anywhere, are often not available for public scrutiny and are made without consultation. Section 35, which recognizes and affirms the Aboriginal rights of the Métis, appears to do so in a manner that is not transparent or accountable, with the unfortunate result that Métis live, unlike other Canadians, with no law

The Métis and Thirty Years of Section 35: How Constitutional Protection for Métis Rights Has Led to the Loss of the Rule of Law

This paper chronicles the inclusion of the Métis in section 35 of the Constitution Act, 1982, their battle for a seat in the Constitutional Conferences that followed and their litigation journeys since 1990. The paper examines the lethal combination of section 35, section 52 and the urgings of the Supreme Court of Canada that reconciliation is to be accomplished by negotiations. The negotiated agreements that result from their court “victories” have been implemented (or not) according to the shifting winds of provincial politics. Métis rights are governed not by laws, but by policies and guidelines that the Métis know nothing about. Many of these policies are not published anywhere, are often not available for public scrutiny and are made without consultation. Section 35, which recognizes and affirms the Aboriginal rights of the Métis, appears to do so in a manner that is not transparent or accountable, with the unfortunate result that Métis live, unlike other Canadians, with no law

Old and Difficult Grievances: Examining the Relationship Between the Métis and the Crown

The inclusion of section 35 in the Constitution Act, 1982 was intended to address the old and difficult grievances of the Aboriginal peoples of Canada. In particular, it was meant to fundamentally change the relationship between Aboriginal peoples and the Crown. Since 1982, the Supreme Court of Canada has, in a series of more than 35 cases, set out the principles governing the relationship between the Aboriginal peoples of Canada and the Crown. In R. v. Powley, the Court applied those principles to the Métis. The paper examines the historical relationship between the Crown and the Métis and in particular looks to what has been happening post-Powley. Historically, the difficulty has always been that the Crown deals with the Métis as individuals and has refused to deal with the m as a people. In the contemporary context the issue is how the Crown is to implement a relationship with a people it has long denied and no longer knows. The paper looks to the issues of consultation and accommodation and how these can be carried out for the Métis. The conclusion of this paper is that despite 1982, more than 20 years of Supreme Court of Canada rulings and Powley, the Crown continues to ignore Métis collectives with the result that there is little to no progress in the reconciliation of the old and difficult grievances of the Métis

Etude à l échelle atomique de multicouches magnétostrictives TbFe/Co et TbFeCo/Fe (structure, propriétés et effet de l irradiation aux ions lourds)

Pour la première fois, la sonde atomique a permis l étude chimique à l échelle atomique de multicouches magnétostrictives (TbFe2 5nm/Co3 ou 7 nm)x20 et l étude de leurs modifications induites par irradiation aux ions. Elle a révélé l asymétrie des interfaces. La diffusion, sous irradiation, du cobalt a été interprétée par le modèle de la pointe thermique. Leurs profils d aimantation en profondeur ont été déduits des profils de concentration et ont permis de comprendre l augmentation des propriétés magnétiques sous irradiation. Le renversement d aimantation a été étudié selon différents paramètres par réflectométrie de neutrons polarisés. Cette étude a montré que, lors d une configuration parallèle des aimantations, les parois de domaine sont principalement localisées dans la couche de TbFeCo. Un décalage d échange a été mis en évidence à 100K dont le signe dépend de la valeur du champ de refroidissement et donc de la configuration initiale de la couche dure.For the first time, the tomographic atom probe allowed the chemical study at the atomic scale of magnetostrictives multilayers (TbFe2 5nm/Co3 ou 7 nm)x20 and the study of their modifications induced by swift heavy ion irradiation. It revealed the asymmetry of the interfaces. The cobalt diffusion, under irradiation, was interpreted by the inelastic thermal spike model. Depth magnetization profiles were deducted from the concentration profiles of allowed to understandthe increase of the magnetic properties under irradiation. The reversal of magnetization was studied according to various parameters by polarized neutron reflectometry. Tjis study showed that during a parallel configuration of magnetizations, the domain walls are mainly located in the TbFeCo layer. A exchange bias was put in evidence at 100K whose the sign depends on cooking field and then on the initial configuration of the TbFeCo layer.ROUEN-BU Sciences Madrillet (765752101) / SudocSudocFranceF

Recul du nœud de Hensen et croissance axiale de l’embryon

Le nœud de Hensen des Oiseaux est considéré comme « l’organisateur » c’est-à-dire le centre fonctionnel de la gastrulation au même titre que la lèvre dorsale du blastopore des Amphibiens, le nœud des Mammifères et le bouclier du Poisson zèbre. Il a été démontré récemment que cette structure contient tous les tissus progéniteurs de la ligne médiane de l’embryon (floorplate, notochorde et endoderme dorsal). Cependant, des expériences portant sur cette structure chez l’embryon de Poulet conduisent à penser que la fonction « organisatrice » doit être attribuée à une zone extrêmement limitée qui constitue la frontière entre les territoires présomptifs du tissu axial et du tissu paraxial. Cette région est essentielle pour le recul du nœud de Hensen et la mise en place progressive des structures axiales et paraxiales