Using action research to tackle constraints to collaborative university work: a case of widening participation

This thesis focuses on my work as a professional member of staff in one academic School in a higher-status UK university (Midtown). Specifically, it explores the process of tackling the constraints to collaboration between professional university and academic staff through the medium of action research and using the case and location of my work, widening participation (WP). The research was motivated by my desire to understand why academics often appeared reluctant to engage with WP work, and by my interest in action research as a mutually supportive approach to delivering the WP agenda. The research, therefore, was informed by action research principles of collaboration, co-construction of knowledge and action for social change and involved me, and three academics. There were two phases to the research encompassing two aspects of WP: access to higher education (HE) in the form of ‘taster’ sessions for secondary schools; and participation in HE, during which phase the three academics experimented with more inclusive forms of pedagogy when teaching undergraduates. Empirical data included: meeting notes, teaching observations, lesson plans, session feedback (academic co-researchers and pupils), research project evaluation, co-researcher interviews and my research diary notes. Data analysis was thematic and based on action research principles and the principles of inclusive pedagogy. Insights that were generated included finding how pedagogic considerations are common to thinking about how to improve both the access and participation elements of WP; and how four disparate individuals overcame considerable constraints to evolve towards a collaborative collective during the research. More broadly, the research contributes to knowledge by furthering understanding of how university-based professionals and academics might work more effectively in partnership in arenas such as WP. The research involved a transformative process of surfacing professional and academic anxieties and accepting the differences that hindered collaborative cross-boundary working. Through affording the time and space that was needed to address the institutional and relational hierarchies, the action research approach provided opportunities to co-produce effective taught sessions and understand what was needed to engage students at both the access and the participation stages. I argue that for HE professionals whose work involves collaboration with academics, pursuing action research principles opens communicative spaces, enabling mutual learning and development across the academic/professional divide and developing more inclusive and richer working relationships which yield better outcomes for staff and for students

Using Action Research to tackle constraints to collaborative university work: a case of Widening Participation

This thesis focuses on my work as a professional member of staff in one academic School in a higher-status UK university (Midtown). Specifically, it explores the process of tackling the constraints to collaboration between professional university and academic staff through the medium of action research and using the case and location of my work, widening participation (WP). The research was motivated by my desire to understand why academics often appeared reluctant to engage with WP work, and by my interest in action research as a mutually supportive approach to delivering the WP agenda. The research, therefore, was informed by action research principles of collaboration, co-construction of knowledge and action for social change and involved me, and three academics. There were two phases to the research encompassing two aspects of WP: access to higher education (HE) in the form of ‘taster’ sessions for secondary schools; and participation in HE, during which phase the three academics experimented with more inclusive forms of pedagogy when teaching undergraduates. Empirical data included: meeting notes, teaching observations, lesson plans, session feedback (academic co-researchers and pupils), research project evaluation, co-researcher interviews and my research diary notes. Data analysis was thematic and based on action research principles and the principles of inclusive pedagogy. Insights that were generated included finding how pedagogic considerations are common to thinking about how to improve both the access and participation elements of WP; and how four disparate individuals overcame considerable constraints to evolve towards a collaborative collective during the research. More broadly, the research contributes to knowledge by furthering understanding of how university-based professionals and academics might work more effectively in partnership in arenas such as WP. The research involved a transformative process of surfacing professional and academic anxieties and accepting the differences that hindered collaborative cross-boundary working. Through affording the time and space that was needed to address the institutional and relational hierarchies, the action research approach provided opportunities to co-produce effective taught sessions and understand what was needed to engage students at both the access and the participation stages. I argue that for HE professionals whose work involves collaboration with academics, pursuing action research principles opens communicative spaces, enabling mutual learning and development across the academic/professional divide and developing more inclusive and richer working relationships which yield better outcomes for staff and for students

'We have dealt with this situation randomly': A peer ethnographic approach with teachers in refugee settings in the age of COVID-19

This study examines the challenges faced by English language teachers working in non-formal tertiary education programs in Jordan’s refugee settings. It focuses specifically on their experiences as they transferred their teaching online during the COVID-19 pandemic. It draws from a post-digital theoretical perspective in which the digital, physical, and social are all interconnected within complex educational ecologies. Working closely with five teachers as peer researchers between April and July 2021, the study utilises the peer ethnographic evaluation research methodology. This paper draws from interview data generated during the study and uses four vignettes to synthesise key findings. The vignettes illustrate the amplified disadvantage experienced by teachers in refugee settings during the pandemic due to pre-existing disparities and emerging digital inequalities. The paper directs attention to human-technology relationships and the ways in which digital technologies are embedded in socio-technical networks, and generate, and potentially worsen, various disadvantages

Anaerobic microbial community response to methanogenic inhibitors 2‐bromoethanesulfonate and propynoic acid

Methanogenic inhibitors are often used to study methanogenesis in complex microbial communities or inhibit methanogens in the gastrointestinal tract of livestock. However, the resulting structural and functional changes in archaeal and bacterial communities are poorly understood. We characterized microbial community structure and activity in mesocosms seeded with cow dung and municipal wastewater treatment plant anaerobic digester sludge after exposure to two methanogenic inhibitors, 2‐bromoethanesulfonate (BES) and propynoic acid (PA). Methane production was reduced by 89% (0.5 mmol/L BES), 100% (10 mmol/LBES), 24% (0.1 mmol/LPA), and 95% (10 mmol/LPA). Using modified primers targeting the methyl‐coenzyme M reductase (mcrA) gene, changes in mcrA gene expression were found to correspond with changes in methane production and the relative activity of methanogens. Methanogenic activity was determined by the relative abundance of methanogen 16S rRNA cDNA as a percentage of the total community 16S rRNA cDNA. Overall, methanogenic activity was lower when mesocosms were exposed to higher concentrations of both inhibitors, and aceticlastic methanogens were inhibited to a greater extent than hydrogenotrophic methanogens. Syntrophic bacterial activity, measured by 16S rRNA cDNA, was also reduced following exposure to both inhibitors, but the overall structure of the active bacterial community was not significantly affected.This manuscript reports a comprehensive approach to characterizing the effects of commonly used methanogenesis inhibitors on an anaerobic microbial community. We use mock and environmental communities and target two genes using DNA‐ and RNA‐based methods. Results from Illumina sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene, 16S rRNA cDNA, mcrA gene, and mcrA transcript cDNA highlight shifts in both methanogenic archaeal activity and syntrophic bacterial activity.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/134127/1/mbo3349.pdfhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/134127/2/mbo3349_am.pd

Bruton's Tyrosine Kinase Is Required For Lipopolysaccharide-induced Tumor Necrosis Factor α Production

Lipopolysaccharide (LPS), a product of Gram-negative bacteria, is potent mediator of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)α production by myeloid/macrophage cells. Inhibitors capable of blocking the signaling events that result in TNFα production could provide useful therapeutics for treating septic shock and other inflammatory diseases. Broad spectrum tyrosine inhibitors are known to inhibit TNFα production, however, no particular family of tyrosine kinases has been shown to be essential for this process. Here we show that the Bruton's tyrosine kinase (Btk)-deficient mononuclear cells from X-linked agammaglobulinemia patients have impaired LPS-induced TNFα production and that LPS rapidly induces Btk kinase activity in normal monocytes. In addition, adenoviral overexpression of Btk in normal human monocytes enhanced TNFα production. We examined the role of Btk in TNFα production using luciferase reporter adenoviral constructs and have established that overexpression of Btk results in the stabilization of TNFα mRNA via the 3′ untranslated region. Stimulation with LPS also induced the activation of related tyrosine kinase, Tec, suggesting that the Tec family kinases are important components for LPS-induced TNFα production. This study provides the first clear evidence that tyrosine kinases of the Tec family, in particular Btk, are key elements of LPS-induced TNFα production and consequently may provide valuable therapeutic targets for intervention in inflammatory conditions

Using positive behavioural support as a treatment for trauma symptoms with a man with intellectual disabilities

Background. There is robust evidence that psychological therapies are an effective treatment for trauma-related symptoms, including post-traumatic stress disorder. However, there are relatively few studies involving people with intellectual disabilities, and no studies drawing on positive behavioural support as the mechanism for the delivery of treatment. Method and materials. This study was a descriptive case report of a young man with intellectual disabilities who had a history of early trauma. His challenging behaviour was associated with demand avoidance. A positive behavioural support plan, incorporating psychological therapies and medication, was developed, implemented and is described. Results. Over time, challenging behaviours reduced and were eventually extinguished. This was associated with an increase in engagement in a variety of activities and a reduction in trauma-related symptoms. Discussion. Using positive behaviour support plans as the organisational framework for the adaptation and delivery of both psychological therapies and medication for complex cases is advantageous. Excellent team working is necessary to ensure that interventions are successful

The Murchison Widefield Array Transients Survey (MWATS). A search for low frequency variability in a bright Southern hemisphere sample

We report on a search for low-frequency radio variability in 944 bright (> 4Jy at 154 MHz) unresolved, extragalactic radio sources monitored monthly for several years with the Murchison Widefield Array. In the majority of sources we find very low levels of variability with typical modulation indices < 5%. We detect 15 candidate low frequency variables that show significant long term variability (>2.8 years) with time-averaged modulation indices M = 3.1 - 7.1%. With 7/15 of these variable sources having peaked spectral energy distributions, and only 5.7% of the overall sample having peaked spectra, we find an increase in the prevalence of variability in this spectral class. We conclude that the variability seen in this survey is most probably a consequence of refractive interstellar scintillation and that these objects must have the majority of their flux density contained within angular diameters less than 50 milli-arcsec (which we support with multi-wavelength data). At 154 MHz we demonstrate that interstellar scintillation time-scales become long (~decades) and have low modulation indices, whilst synchrotron driven variability can only produce dynamic changes on time-scales of hundreds of years, with flux density changes less than one milli-jansky (without relativistic boosting). From this work we infer that the low frequency extra-galactic southern sky, as seen by SKA-Low, will be non-variable on time-scales shorter than one year.Comment: 19 pages, 11 figure

Multi-wavelength diagnostic properties of Galactic Planetary Nebulae detected by GLIMPSE-I

We uniformly analyze 136 optically detected PNe and candidates from the GLIMPSE-I survey in order to to develop robust, multi-wavelength, classification criteria to augment existing diagnostics and provide pure PN samples. PNe represent powerful astrophysical probes. They are important dynamical tracers, key sources of ISM chemical enrichment, windows into late stellar evolution, and potent cosmological yardsticks. But their utility depends on separating them unequivocally from the many nebular mimics which can strongly resemble bona fide PNe in traditional optical images and spectra. We merge new PNe from the carefully evaluated, homogeneous MASH-I and MASH-II surveys, which offer a wider evolutionary range of PNe than hitherto available, with previously known PNe classified by SIMBAD. Mid-infrared (MIR) measurements vitally complement optical data because they reveal other physical processes and morphologies via fine-structure lines, molecular bands and dust. MIR colour-colour planes, optical emission line ratios and radio fluxes show the unambiguous classification of PNe to be complex, requiring all available evidence. Statistical trends provide predictive value and we offer quantitative MIR criteria to determine whether an emission nebula is most likely to be a PN or one of the frequent contaminants such as compact HII regions or symbiotic systems. Prerequisites have been optical images and spectra but MIR morphology, colours, environment and a candidate's MIR/radio flux ratio provide a more rigorous classification. Our ultimate goal is to recognize PNe using only MIR and radio characteristics, enabling us to trawl for PNe effectively even in heavily obscured regions of the Galaxy.Comment: 32 pages, 18 figures, 10 table

Optimal Conservation of Migratory Species

Background. Migratory animals comprise a significant portion of biodiversity worldwide with annual investment for their conservation exceeding several billion dollars. Designing effective conservation plans presents enormous challenges. Migratory species are influenced by multiple events across land and sea-regions that are often separated by thousands of kilometres and span international borders. To date, conservation strategies for migratory species fail to take into account how migratory animals are spatially connected between different periods of the annual cycle (i.e. migratory connectivity) bringing into question the utility and efficiency of current conservation efforts. Methodology/Principal Findings. Here, we report the first framework for determining an optimal conservation strategy for a migratory species. Employing a decision theoretic approach using dynamic optimization, we address the problem of how to allocate resources for habitat conservation for a Neotropical-Nearctic migratory bird, the American redstart Setophaga ruticilla, whose winter habitat is under threat. Our first conservation strategy used the acquisition of winter habitat based on land cost, relative bird density, and the rate of habitat loss to maximize the abundance of birds on the wintering grounds. Our second strategy maximized bird abundance across the entire range of the species by adding the constraint of maintaining a minimum percentage of birds within each breeding region in North America using information on migratory connectivity as estimated from stable-hydrogen isotopes in feathers. We show that failure to take into account migratory connectivity may doom some regional populations to extinction, whereas including information on migratory connectivity results in the protection of the species across its entire range. Conclusions/Significance. We demonstrate that conservation strategies for migratory animals depend critically upon two factors: knowledge of migratory connectivity and the correct statement of the conservation problem. Our framework can be used to identify efficient conservation strategies for migratory taxa worldwide, including insects, birds, mammals, and marine organisms