L’Artteràpia com a possible intervenció infermera

Treballs Finals de Grau de l'Escola Universitaria d'Infermeria, Universitat de Barcelona, Curs: 2014-2015, Tutor: María Rosa Martínez BarellasIntroducció: l’artteràpia (AT) utilitza la creació artística per facilitar l’expressió d’emocions i abordar problemes biopsicosocials, generant un procés de canvi per la persona que la rep. Se li atribueixen diferents beneficis, i ja s’està aplicant en diferents àmbits assistencials. Objectiu: identificar l’AT com a possible intervenció infermera, a través d’analitzar la seva situació actual, de definir els àmbits i situacions de salut-malaltia on s’aplica, els beneficis i limitacions, l’evidència d’efectivitat, i d’establir la possible aplicació en les cures infermeres. Mètode: es fa una revisió bibliogràfica en diferents bases de dades, fent servir combinacions de les paraules clau: “art therapy” o “creative art*” i “intervention”, “nursing”, “efficacy”, “effectiveness”. S’inclouen articles dels últims 5 anys, sense restricció de les característiques dels participants, àmbits d’aplicació, país d’origen i tipus de disseny d’estudi. S’exclouen els que no tracten específicament d’AT, centrats en àmbits no sanitaris, de casos individuals, o que només descriuen una implementació d’AT, sense mostrar resultats. Resultats: es seleccionen 18 articles i se n’extreu informació sobre la població i àmbit d’estudi, les variables mesurades i els resultats rellevants. Conclusions: l’AT és una professió emergent, que majoritàriament s’està aplicant com a tractament complementari a pacients oncològics i de salut mental. Encara que l’heterogeneïtat dels mètodes d’estudi dificulta comparar-ne els beneficis, aquests es centren en l’esfera psicosocial. L’AT es presenta com una teràpia aplicable a la pràctica infermera que requereix una formació específica indispensable

The Foraging Gene, a New Environmental Adaptation Player Involved in Xenobiotic Detoxification

International audienceForaging is vital for animals, especially for food. In Drosophila melanogaster, this behavior is controlled by the foraging gene (for) which encodes a cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP)-dependent protein kinase (PKG). In wild populations of Drosophila, rover individuals that exhibit long foraging trails and sitter individuals that exhibit short ones coexist and are characterized by high and low levels of PKG activity, respectively. We, therefore, postulated that rover flies are more exposed to environmental stresses, including xenobiotics contamination, than sitter flies. We then tested whether these flies differed in their ability to cope with xenobiotics by exposing them to insecticides from different chemical families. We performed toxicological tests and measured the activity and expression levels of different classes of detoxification enzymes. We have shown that a link exists between the for gene and certain cytochrome P450-dependent activities and that the expression of the insecticide-metabolizing cytochrome P450 Cyp6a2 is controlled by the for gene. An unsuspected regulatory pathway of P450s expression involving the for gene in Drosophila is revealed and we demonstrate its involvement in adaptation to chemicals in the environment. This work can serve as a basis for reconsidering adaptation to xenobiotics in light of the behavior of species, including humans

Structure of the <i>Apfor1</i> and <i>Apfor2</i> transcripts.

<p>Exons 3–16 are identical, only exons 1 and 2 differs as the result of alternative splicing. Scaffold 409 containing the two transcripts is represented at the top. Exons are indicated by grey boxes and introns by dotted lines. White triangles indicate the position of start codons, black triangles indicate the position of the stop codon.</p

Environment Exploration and Colonization Behavior of the Pea Aphid Associated with the Expression of the <i>foraging</i> Gene

<div><p>Aphids respond to specific environmental cues by producing alternative morphs, a phenomenon called polyphenism, but also by modulating their individual behavior even within the same morph. This complex plasticity allows a rapid adaptation of individuals to fluctuating environmental conditions, but the underlying genetic and molecular mechanisms remain largely unknown. The <i>foraging</i> gene is known to be associated with behavior in various species and has been shown to mediate the behavioral shift induced by environmental changes in some insects. In this study, we investigated the function of this gene in the clonal forms of the pea aphid <i>Acyrthosiphon pisum</i> by identifying and cloning cDNA variants, as well as analyzing their expression levels in developmental morphs and behavioral variants. Our results indicate that the expression of <i>foraging</i> changes at key steps of the aphid development. This gene is also highly expressed in sedentary wingless adult morphs reared under crowded conditions, probably just before they start walking and foraging. The cGMP-dependent protein kinase (PKG) enzyme activity measured in the behavioral variants correlates with the level of <i>foraging</i> expression. Altogether, our results suggest that <i>foraging</i> could act to promote the shift from a sedentary to an exploratory behavior, being thus involved in the behavioral plasticity of the pea aphid.</p></div

PKG enzyme activity among behavioral variants of adults pea aphids.

<p>(A) PKG enzyme activity in whole bodies. (B) PKG enzyme activity in heads. PKG enzyme activity is expressed as the OD for 5 µg of total proteins for each behavioral variant. Error bars represent the standard errors converted to the same arbitrary scale as the means. A one-way ANOVA followed by a Fisher's PLSD test was performed. The statistically significant differences between groups denoted by different letters (<i>P</i><0,05).</p

Relative expression of <i>Apfor1</i> and <i>Apfor2</i> among behavioral variants of adults pea aphids.

<p>(A), Relative expression of <i>Apfor1</i>. (B), Relative expression of <i>Apfor2</i>. VW, winged viviparous adults reared under high population density; VWL, wingless viviparous adults reared under low population density; VWLc, wingless viviparous adults reared under high population density; VWLf, wingless viviparous adults foragers reared under high population density. Errors bars represent the standard errors converted to the same arbitrary scale as the means. Relative expression is normalized to VW. A one-way ANOVA followed by a Fisher's PLSD test was performed. The statistically significant differences between groups are denoted by different letters (<i>P</i><0,01 in case of <i>Apfor1</i> and <i>P</i><0,05 in case of <i>Apfor2</i>).</p

Exposure to disinfection by-products in swimming pools and biomarkers of genotoxicity and respiratory damage - The PISCINA2 Study

BACKGROUND: Swimming in pools is a healthy activity that entails exposure to disinfection by-products (DBPs), some of which are irritant and genotoxic. OBJECTIVES: We evaluated exposure to DBPs during swimming in a chlorinated pool and the association with short-term changes in genotoxicity and lung epithelium permeability biomarkers. METHODS: Non-smoker adults (N = 116) swimming 40 min in an indoor pool were included. We measured a range of biomarkers before and at different times after swimming: trihalomethanes (THMs) in exhaled breath (5 min), trichloroacetic acid (TCAA) in urine (30 min), micronuclei in lymphocytes (1 h), serum club cell protein (CC16) (1 h), urine mutagenicity (2 h) and micronuclei in reticulocytes (4 days in a subset, N = 19). Several DBPs in water and trichloramine in air were measured, and physical activity was extensively assessed. We estimated interactions with polymorphisms in genes related to DBP metabolism. RESULTS: Median level of chloroform, brominated and total THMs in water was 37.3, 9.5 and 48.5, μg/L, respectively, and trichloramine in air was 472.6 μg/m3. Median exhaled chloroform, brominated and total THMs increased after swimming by 10.9, 2.6 and 13.4, μg/m3, respectively. Creatinine-adjusted urinary TCAA increased by 3.1 μmol/mol. Micronuclei in lymphocytes and reticulocytes, urine mutagenicity and serum CC16 levels remained unchanged after swimming. Spearman correlation coefficients showed no association between DBP exposure and micronuclei in lymphocytes, urine mutagenicity and CC16. Moderate associations were observed for micronuclei in reticulocytes and DBP exposure. CONCLUSIONS: The unchanged levels of the short-term effect biomarkers after swimming and null associations with personal estimates of exposure to DBPs suggest no measurable effect on genotoxicity in lymphocytes, urine mutagenicity and lung epithelium permeability at the observed exposure levels. The moderate associations with micronuclei in reticulocytes require cautious interpretation given the reduced sample size.We are grateful to all volunteers and the swimming pool facility. This work was funded by the EU 7th Framework Programme EXPOSOMICS Project (grant agreement 308610). We thank the Parc de Salut Mar Biobank (MARBiobanc) for providing support to the project. MARBiobanc is supported by grants from Instituto de Salud Carlos III/FEDER (RD09/0076/00036 and PT13/0010/0005) and the “Xarxa de Bancs de tumors” sponsored by Pla Director d'Oncologia de Catalunya (XBTC). ISGlobal is a member of the CERCA Programme, Generalitat de Catalunya. We appreciate the work by Kate Jones (Health & Safety Laboratory, UK) for urinary TCAA analysis