502 research outputs found
Do health selection effects last? A comparison of morbidity rates for elderly adult immigrants and US-born elderly persons
This paper uses the Assets and Health Dynamics of the Oldest Old(AHEAD) data set to examine the influence of nativity on the healthstatus, measured by self-reported presence of chronic diseases, ofthe elderly US-resident population. In particular, age at time ofmigration is used to examine the potential lingering influence ofself-selection for good health among immigrants who entered the USAas adults. Bivariate analyses and logistic regression models arepresented. The results of these analyses show that the influence ofpositive selection for health varies depending on the diseasestudied. Self-selection for good health is maintained for cancer,heart disease, stroke, and lung disease. This self-selection effectis seen after controlling for socioeconomic factors and healthbehaviors. While these latter factors are more influential, thisstudy indicates that good health in a population at young ages ismaintained throughout the lifespan.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/42976/1/10823_2004_Article_153666.pd
Spatiotemporal structures in aging and rejuvenating glasses
Complex spatiotemporal structures develop during the process of aging glasses
after cooling and of rejuvenating glasses upon heating. The key to
understanding these structures is the interplay between the activated
reconfiguration events which generate mobility and the transport of mobility.
These effects are both accounted for by combining the random first order
transition theory of activated events with mode coupling theory in an
inhomogeneous setting. The predicted modifications by mobility transport of the
time course of the aging regime are modest. In contrast, the rejuvenation
process is strongly affected through the propagation of fronts of enhanced
mobility originating from the initial reconfiguration events. The structures in
a rejuvenating glass resemble flames. An analysis along the lines of combustion
theory provides an estimate of the front propagation speed. Heterogeneous
rejuvenation naturally should occur for glasses with free surfaces. The analogy
with combustion also provides a new way of looking at the uptake of diluents by
glasses described by case II and super case II diffusion
Local fluctuations in an aging glass
Polarization fluctuations were measured in nanoscale volumes of a polymer
glass during aging following a temperature quench through the glass transition.
Statistical properties of the noise were studied in equilibrium and during
aging. The noise spectral density had a larger temporal variance during aging,
i.e. the noise was more non-Gaussian, demonstrating stronger correlations
during aging
Correlations between the mechanical loss and atomic structure of amorphous TiO2-doped Ta2O5 coatings
<p>Highly reflective dielectric mirror coatings are critical components in a range of precision optics applications including frequency combs, optical atomic clocks, precision interferometry and ring laser gyroscopes. A key limitation to the performance in these applications is thermal noise, arising from the mechanical loss of the coatings. The origins of the mechanical loss from these coatings is not well understood.</p>
<p>Recent work suggests that the mechanical loss of amorphous Ta2O5 coatings can drop by as much as 40% when it is doped with TiO2. We use a combination of electron diffraction data and atomic modelling using molecular dynamics to probe the atomic structure of these coatings, and examine the correlations between changes in the atomic structure and changes in the mechanical loss of these coatings. Our results show the first correlation between changes in the mechanical loss and experimentally measured changes in the atomic structure resulting from variations in the level of TiO2 doping in TiO2-doped Ta2O5 coatings, in that increased homogeneity at the nearest-neighbour level appears to correlate with reduced mechanical loss. It is demonstrated that subtle but measurable changes in the nearest-neighbour homogeneity in an amorphous material can correlate with significant changes in macroscopic properties.</p>
Elastic models for the non-Arrhenius viscosity of glass-forming liquids
This paper first reviews the shoving model for the non-Arrhenius viscosity of
viscous liquids. According to this model the main contribution to the
activation energy of a flow event is the energy needed for molecules to shove
aside the surrounding, an energy which is proportional to the instantaneous
shear modulus of the liquid. Data are presented supporting the model. It is
shown that the fractional Debye-Stokes-Einstein relation, that quantitatively
expresses the frequently observed decoupling of, e.g., conductivity from
viscous flow, may be understood within the model. The paper goes on to review
several related explanations for the non-Arrhenius viscosity. Most of these are
also "elastic models," i.e., they express the viscosity activation energy in
terms of short-time elastic properties of the liquid. Finally, two new
arguments for elastic models are given, a general solid-state defect argument
and an Occam's razor type argument
Dynamical heterogeneity in aging colloidal glasses of Laponite
Glasses behave as solids due to their long relaxation time; however the
origin of this slow response remains a puzzle. Growing dynamic length scales
due to cooperative motion of particles are believed to be central to the
understanding of both the slow dynamics and the emergence of rigidity. Here, we
provide experimental evidence of a growing dynamical heterogeneity length scale
that increases with increasing waiting time in an aging colloidal glass of
Laponite. The signature of heterogeneity in the dynamics follows from dynamic
light scattering measurements in which we study both the rotational and
translational diffusion of the disk-shaped particles of Laponite in suspension.
These measurements are accompanied by simultaneous microrheology and
macroscopic rheology experiments. We find that rotational diffusion of
particles slows down at a faster rate than their translational motion. Such
decoupling of translational and orientational degrees of freedom finds its
origin in the dynamic heterogeneity since rotation and translation probe
different length scales in the sample. The macroscopic rheology experiments
show that the low frequency shear viscosity increases at a much faster rate
than both rotational and translational diffusive relaxation times.Comment: 12 pages, 5 figures, Accepted in Soft Matter 201
Irreversible reorganization in a supercooled liquid originates from localised soft modes
The transition of a fluid to a rigid glass upon cooling is a common route of
transformation from liquid to solid that embodies the most poorly understood
features of both phases1,2,3. From the liquid perspective, the puzzle is to
understand stress relaxation in the disordered state. From the perspective of
solids, the challenge is to extend our description of structure and its
mechanical consequences to materials without long range order. Using computer
simulations, we show that the localized low frequency normal modes of a
configuration in a supercooled liquid are causally correlated to the
irreversible structural reorganization of the particles within that
configuration. We also demonstrate that the spatial distribution of these soft
local modes can persist in spite of significant particle reorganization. The
consequence of these two results is that it is now feasible to construct a
theory of relaxation length scales in glass-forming liquids without recourse to
dynamics and to explicitly relate molecular properties to their collective
relaxation.Comment: Published online: 20 July 2008 | doi:10.1038/nphys1025 Available from
http://www.nature.com/nphys/journal/v4/n9/abs/nphys1025.htm
Time and length scales in supercooled liquids
We numerically obtain the first quantitative demonstration that development
of spatial correlations of mobility as temperature is lowered is responsible
for the ``decoupling'' of transport properties of supercooled liquids. This
result further demonstrates the necessity of a spatial description of the glass
formation and therefore seriously challenges a number of popular alternative
theoretical descriptions.Comment: 4 pages, 4 figs; improved version: new refs and discussion
Microscopic Aspects of Stretched Exponential Relaxation (SER) in Homogeneous Molecular and Network Glasses and Polymers
Because the theory of SER is still a work in progress, the phenomenon itself
can be said to be the oldest unsolved problem in science, as it started with
Kohlrausch in 1847. Many electrical and optical phenomena exhibit SER with
probe relaxation I(t) ~ exp[-(t/{\tau}){\beta}], with 0 < {\beta} < 1. Here
{\tau} is a material-sensitive parameter, useful for discussing chemical
trends. The "shape" parameter {\beta} is dimensionless and plays the role of a
non-equilibrium scaling exponent; its value, especially in glasses, is both
practically useful and theoretically significant. The mathematical complexity
of SER is such that rigorous derivations of this peculiar function were not
achieved until the 1970's. The focus of much of the 1970's pioneering work was
spatial relaxation of electronic charge, but SER is a universal phenomenon, and
today atomic and molecular relaxation of glasses and deeply supercooled liquids
provide the most reliable data. As the data base grew, the need for a
quantitative theory increased; this need was finally met by the
diffusion-to-traps topological model, which yields a remarkably simple
expression for the shape parameter {\beta}, given by d*/(d* + 2). At first
sight this expression appears to be identical to d/(d + 2), where d is the
actual spatial dimensionality, as originally derived. The original model,
however, failed to explain much of the data base. Here the theme of earlier
reviews, based on the observation that in the presence of short-range forces
only d* = d = 3 is the actual spatial dimensionality, while for mixed short-
and long-range forces, d* = fd = d/2, is applied to four new spectacular
examples, where it turns out that SER is useful not only for purposes of
quality control, but also for defining what is meant by a glass in novel
contexts. (Please see full abstract in main text
Mechanisms of light energy harvesting in dendrimers and hyperbranched polymers
Since their earliest synthesis, much interest has arisen in the use of dendritic and structurally allied forms of polymer for light energy harvesting, especially as organic adjuncts for solar energy devices. With the facility to accommodate a proliferation of antenna chromophores, such materials can capture and channel light energy with a high degree of efficiency, each polymer unit potentially delivering the energy of one photon-or more, when optical nonlinearity is involved. To ensure the highest efficiency of operation, it is essential to understand the processes responsible for photon capture and channelling of the resulting electronic excitation. Highlighting the latest theoretical advances, this paper reviews the principal mechanisms, which prove to involve a complex interplay of structural, spectroscopic and electrodynamic properties. Designing materials with the capacity to capture and control light energy facilitates applications that now extend from solar energy to medical photonics. © 2011 by the authors; licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland
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