Determining the Phosphorus Release Curve for Sunphase HT Phytase from 250 to 2,000 FTU/kg in Nursery Pig Diets

A total of 280 pigs (DNA 241 × 600; initially 22.9 ± 0.52 lb BW) were used in a 21-d growth study to determine the available P (aP) release curve for Sunphase HT phytase (Wuhan Sunhy Biology Co., Ltd.; Wuhan, P.R. China). At approximately 19 d of age, pigs were weaned, randomly allotted to pens, and fed common starter diets. Pigs were blocked by average pen body weight (BW) and randomly allotted to 1 of 7 dietary treatments on d 21 post-weaning, considered d 0 of the study. Dietary treatments were derived from a single basal diet, and ingredients including phytase, monocalcium P, limestone, and sand were added to create the treatment diets. Treatments included 3 diets containing increasing (0.11, 0.19, and 0.27% aP) inorganic P from monocalcium P, or 4 diets with increasing phytase (250, 500, 1,000, or 2,000 FTU/kg) added to the diet containing 0.11% aP. All diets were corn-soybean meal-canola meal-based and were formulated to contain 1.24% SID Lys and an analyzed Ca:P ratio of 1.10:1. Prior to the beginning of the study, all pigs were fed a diet containing 0.11% aP for a 3-d period (d 18 to 21 post-weaning). At the conclusion of the study, 1 pig, closest to the mean weight of each pen, was euthanized and the right fibula, rib, and metacarpal were collected to determine bone ash and density. For the overall experimental period, pigs fed increasing levels of aP from inorganic P had improved (linear, P ≤ 0.014) ADG, F/G, and final BW. Similarly, pigs fed increasing phytase had increased (linear, P ≤ 0.011) ADG and final BW as well as improved (quadratic, P = 0.017) F/G. For fibula bone ash weight and percentage bone ash, rib bone ash weight and bone density, and all metacarpal bone properties, pigs fed increasing levels of aP from inorganic P exhibited a linear improvement (P ≤ 0.019), with a quadratic response (P ≤ 0.030) for fibula bone density and rib percentage bone ash. Additionally, pigs fed increasing phytase had increased (P \u3c 0.05) bone ash weight, percentage bone ash, and bone density in either a linear or quadratic fashion depending on the bone analyzed. The available P release curve generated for Sunphase HT for percentage bone ash combining values from right fibula, rib, and metacarpal is: aP = (0.360 × FTU) ÷ (2,330.250 + FTU)

Fatty Acid Biosynthesis Inhibition Increases Reduction Potential in Neuronal Cells under Hypoxia

Recently, we have reported a novel neuronal specific pathway for adaptation to hypoxia through increased fatty acid (FA) biosynthesis (FAS) followed by esterification into lipids. However, the biological role of this pathway under hypoxia remains to be elucidated. In the presented study, we have tested our hypothesis that activation of FAS maintains reduction potential and reduces lactoacidosis in neuronal cells under hypoxia. To address this hypothesis, we measured the effect of FAS inhibition on NADH2+/NAD+ and NADPH2+/NADP+ ratios, and lactic acid levels in neuronal SH-SY5Y cells exposed to normoxic and hypoxic conditions. FAS inhibitors, TOFA (inhibits Acetyl-CoA carboxylase) and cerulenin (inhibits FA synthase), increased NADH2+/NAD+ and NADPH2+/NADP+ ratios under hypoxia. Further, FAS inhibition increased lactic acid under both normoxic and hypoxic conditions, and caused cytotoxicity under hypoxia but not normoxia. These results indicate that FA may serve as hydrogen acceptors under hypoxia, thus supporting oxidation reactions including anaerobic glycolysis. These findings may help to identify a radically different approach to attenuate hypoxia related pathophysiology in the nervous system including stroke

ENTREPRENEURIAL UNIVERSITY AND THE TRIPLE HELIX THEORY

The paper aims to analyze the features of interpretation of the notion of entrepreneurial university within the Triple Helix theory in the light of the capitalization of knowledge problem. Following the traditional understanding (B. Clark) the notion of entrepreneurial university connects the capitalization of knowledge with the external socioeconomic factors. At the same time, within the Triple Helix theory (H. Etzkowitz et al.) this notion gives a possibility to evaluatean internal dynamics of the capitalization of knowledge based on the analysis of the epistemological and cognitive roots of knowledge production

PFOA and PFOS Are Generated from Zwitterionic and Cationic Precursor Compounds During Water Disinfection with Chlorine or Ozone

Perfluorooctanoate (PFOA) and perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS) are anionic organic pollutants, which are widespread in the environment. They have become a global concern due to their persistence in the environment as well as their toxicity and bioaccumulative properties. In this study, we demonstrate that PFOA, PFOS, or both are produced from a group of four zwitterionic/cationic polyfluoroalkyl amide (FA) and sulfonamide (FS) compounds during conventional drinking-water disinfection with chlorine or ozone. FA compounds were readily degraded by chlorine and converted primarily to PFOA, likely by a Hofmann-type rearrangement. FS compounds were much less reactive toward chlorine; the generation of PFOS from the FSs was not significant. All four FA and FS compounds were degraded rapidly during ozonation, generating PFOA, PFOS, and a number of infrequently reported products for which chemical structures were either confirmed or tentatively proposed using high-resolution mass spectrometry. FSs generated both PFOS and PFOA during ozonation with the yield of PFOA even higher than that from the FAs. The results of this study may provide important insight into the degradation mechanisms of FAs and FSs and shed light on their contribution to the secondary formation of PFOA and PFOS in natural and engineered systems