Patient-Specific Synthetic Osteochondral Resurfacing of an Extensive Shoulder OCD Lesion in a Dog

The aim of this study was to describe template-guided implantation and clinical outcome of a patient-specific resurfacing implant for an extensive humeral head osteochondritis in a client-owned dog. An 8-month-old intact female Irish Wolfhound, weighing 45 kg, exhibiting lameness in the right thoracic limb, and diagnosed with an extensive caudocentral humeral head osteochondritis. Based on computed tomography data, an anatomically contoured patient-specific implant (Ø 25 mm) was created. The implant consisted of a trabecular titanium base and a polycarbonate urethane bearing cup. For intraoperative guidance, a surgical drill guide, models of the affected humeral head, and trial implants were 3D printed. The implantation procedure was performed using the modified Cheli approach. Orthopaedic and radiographic follow-up examinations were conducted at 6 weeks and 10 months postoperatively. The examination revealed stable implant position, and some mild residual lameness at 6 weeks. Furthermore, the mild osteophytosis, initially evident on the day of surgery, showed a progression during each subsequent follow-up. Complications were not observed at any time point. At 10 months, the dog was free of lameness and exhibited no functional impairment, even after strenuous exercise. This level of activity remained unchanged up to the latest follow-up at 18 months, as confirmed during a telephonic interview. The utilization of a patient-specific resurfacing implant using a guided approach was technically feasible and resulted in excellent short- to mid-term clinical outcome in this case of extensive caudocentral humeral head osteochondritis dissecans (OCD) lesion. However, it is crucial to note that the potential influence of the implant on osteoarthritis progression requires further investigation

Kommisionen på krigsstigen - En rättsanalys av kommissionens tillämpning av statsstödsreglerna i skattemål

Att multinationella koncerner ägnar sig åt aggressiv skatteplanering har under det senaste decenniet blivit en självklarhet. De kan genom att utnyttja olikheter i ländernas skattelagstiftning planera sin beskattning och allokera kostnader till ett högskatteland och intäkter till ett lågskatteland för att på så vis behålla en större del av vinsten inom koncernen. Det har uppdagats i flertalet journalistiska läckor och sedan 2013 varit en hjärtefråga för kommissionen. Ett verktyg som många multinationella koncerner tillämpat vid deras skatteplanering är prissättningsbesked, så kallade advanced pricing agreements. Med hjälp av dessa har bolagen på förhand fått ett besked om hur deras transaktioner kommer bedömas enligt armlängdsprincipen vid tillämpning av nationell lag samt eventuella gällande skatteavtal. Kommissionen har därför sedan 2015 riktat in sig på dessa prissättningsbesked för att sätta stopp för den typen av skatteplanering som hotar den inre marknadens fria konkurrens. Kommissionen har genom att tillämpa sin kompetens inom området av olagligt statsstöd angripit denna typ av skatteplanering. Hittills har kommissionen fattat beslut om återkrav av skatt i fem mål avseende prissättningsbesked, genomgående i målen har prövningen utmynnat i en bedömning av huruvida den ansvariga myndigheten i staten tillämpat armlängdsprincipen på ett korrekt sätt. Syftet med förevarande uppsats är att presentera de grundläggande rättsliga principerna som råder inom skatterätten och därutöver analysera kommissionens angreppssätt i relation till dessa principer för att utvärdera den juridiska hållbarheten i angreppssättet. Sammanfattningsvis kan konstateras att kommissionens metod inte är juridiskt hållbar. Huvudsakligen då skatterätten är ett område som präglas av lagpositivism och förutsägbarhet. Armlängdsprincipen är dessutom inte en rättsligt bindande norm och inte heller en fast vetenskap vilket innebär att ett mått av felmarginal normalt får anses acceptabelt. Vidare har kommissionen format sin metod vid selektivitetsbedömningen, som utgör den huvudsakliga prövningen vid tillämpningen av artikel 107.1 FEUF, för att passa utfallet de eftersträvar. De har därigenom frångått allmän praxis kring vad som utgör en jämförbar situation och ersatt det med en tillämpning av armlängdsprincipen.The fact that Multinational enterprises (hereinafter only referred to as MNE's) engage in aggressive tax planning has become a matter of course in the last decade. This is usually possible due to the fact that they are active in many countries. By exploiting differences in the tax law of the different countries in which they operate they can plan their taxation in order to retain a greater profit within the group by allocating profits to a low-tax country and costs to a high-tax country. This pattern has been detected in various document-leaks and has since 2013 been one of the main issues that the Commission strives to solve. A tool used by the MNE's in their tax planning has been through Advance pricing agreements (hereinafter only referred to as APA). Through the use of APA's the companies are notified in advance of how their transactions will be assessed in accordance to the arm's length principle, the national law and any applicable tax treaty. The Commission has therefore focused on these APA's since 2015 in an attempt to put an end to this type of tax planning that threatens the internal free market competition. The Commission has thus applied its competence in their area of illegal state aid to combat this type of tax planning. So far, the Commission has announced decisions in five cases regarding APA's received by MNE's. Throughout the cases, the trial has resulted in an assessment of whether the responsible authority in the state has correctly applied the arm's length principle in the transactions at hand. The purpose of this paper has therefore been to present the basic legal principles in the area of taxation and, in addition, analyze the Commission's approach to these principles and assess the legal sustainability of the approach. In conclusion, it can be seen that the Commission's approach is not legally sustainable. First of all, tax law is an area characterized by legal certainty and predictability. Moreover, the arm's length principle is not primarily a legally binding norm nor is it a confirmed science. This means that a margin of error is usually accepted. Furthermore, the Commission has formulated its method of selectivity assessment, which is the main test for the application of the article, to suit its purpose and wanted outcome. They have thus abandoned the general practice of what constitutes a legal and factual comparable situation and replaced it with an application of the arm's length principle

Att motarbetas med alla tillgängliga medel: en kritisk diskursanalys om avvisning av kvinnor i prostitution inom Europeiska Unionen

According to Swedish law, prostitution is not a crime, but is considered a form of dishonest providing, and may constitute ground for deportation. The Swedish model criminalizes the buyer, and emphasizes the seller as someone being used by others to satisfy their sexual desire. The EU directive requires equal treatment for all union members, which questions the ability to deport people in prostitution. A distinction is created between foreign and Swedish women which limits the ability of the society to offer support and help. We believe this distinction prevents the process towards an equal society. Our purpose is to understand and explain how foreign women in prostitution within EU are affected by Swedish law. To achieve this we have analyzed official documents and by using a critical discourse analysis we have been able to expose the underlying texture of the documents. We have found the strong discourse of the foreign women as the other and the thought of sanitation which problematizes the opportunity for women to be considered as plaintiffs. Today’s globalization enables this distinction between women, the consumption demands it and the strong thought of sanitation maintains the distinction of foreign women in prostitution as the other

Female partner preferences enhance offspring ability to survive an infection

BACKGROUND: It is often suggested that mate choice enhances offspring immune resistance to infectious diseases. To test this hypothesis, we conducted a study with wild-derived house mice (Mus musculus musculus) in which females were experimentally mated either with their preferred or non-preferred male, and their offspring were infected with a mouse pathogen, Salmonella enterica (serovar Typhimurium). RESULTS: We found that offspring sired by preferred males were significantly more likely to survive the experimental infection compared to those sired by non-preferred males. We found no significant differences in the pathogen clearance or infection dynamics between the infected mice, suggesting that offspring from preferred males were better able to cope with infection and had improved tolerance rather than immune resistance. CONCLUSION: Our results provide the first direct experimental evidence within a single study that partner preferences enhance offspring resistance to infectious diseases

Antiinflammatory Therapy with Canakinumab for Atherosclerotic Disease

Background: Experimental and clinical data suggest that reducing inflammation without affecting lipid levels may reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease. Yet, the inflammatory hypothesis of atherothrombosis has remained unproved. Methods: We conducted a randomized, double-blind trial of canakinumab, a therapeutic monoclonal antibody targeting interleukin-1β, involving 10,061 patients with previous myocardial infarction and a high-sensitivity C-reactive protein level of 2 mg or more per liter. The trial compared three doses of canakinumab (50 mg, 150 mg, and 300 mg, administered subcutaneously every 3 months) with placebo. The primary efficacy end point was nonfatal myocardial infarction, nonfatal stroke, or cardiovascular death. RESULTS: At 48 months, the median reduction from baseline in the high-sensitivity C-reactive protein level was 26 percentage points greater in the group that received the 50-mg dose of canakinumab, 37 percentage points greater in the 150-mg group, and 41 percentage points greater in the 300-mg group than in the placebo group. Canakinumab did not reduce lipid levels from baseline. At a median follow-up of 3.7 years, the incidence rate for the primary end point was 4.50 events per 100 person-years in the placebo group, 4.11 events per 100 person-years in the 50-mg group, 3.86 events per 100 person-years in the 150-mg group, and 3.90 events per 100 person-years in the 300-mg group. The hazard ratios as compared with placebo were as follows: in the 50-mg group, 0.93 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.80 to 1.07; P = 0.30); in the 150-mg group, 0.85 (95% CI, 0.74 to 0.98; P = 0.021); and in the 300-mg group, 0.86 (95% CI, 0.75 to 0.99; P = 0.031). The 150-mg dose, but not the other doses, met the prespecified multiplicity-adjusted threshold for statistical significance for the primary end point and the secondary end point that additionally included hospitalization for unstable angina that led to urgent revascularization (hazard ratio vs. placebo, 0.83; 95% CI, 0.73 to 0.95; P = 0.005). Canakinumab was associated with a higher incidence of fatal infection than was placebo. There was no significant difference in all-cause mortality (hazard ratio for all canakinumab doses vs. placebo, 0.94; 95% CI, 0.83 to 1.06; P = 0.31). Conclusions: Antiinflammatory therapy targeting the interleukin-1β innate immunity pathway with canakinumab at a dose of 150 mg every 3 months led to a significantly lower rate of recurrent cardiovascular events than placebo, independent of lipid-level lowering. (Funded by Novartis; CANTOS ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT01327846.

Har våldtäkt mist sin betydelse? - En genomgång av begreppsförändringen som skett för det grövsta sexualbrottet

Over time the crime rape has been a discussed topic, non the least among politicians and jurists but also among the common people. Protests, debates, newsarticles and hashtags are not unusually occuring in the discussion. The object of this essay has been to give an overall look at the boundaries for the legal word rape and aims to anwser where the original boundaries were drawn and how the boundaries have shifted with the latest consent-debate. To anwser the question at issue the traditional right dogmatic method has been used. The essay starts with a short introduction of the criminal law from 1864 followed by the entry of the ”modern” criminal law 1965. In the review relevant cases are analyzed to illustrate the application of certain requisits for that time. In the consent debate a brief overview is made of the European court of human rights judgment in MC vs Bulgaria and what that judgement meant for Sweden. The essay further presents SOU 2016:60, a law-proposition where the sexual integrity is in the centre and violence and threat has been eliminated from the law. The proposition aims to create a normative view that clearly shows that the limits of a rape is not drawn by the show of violenc or threat but by the fact that the other person does not voluntarily participateÖver tid har våldtäktsbrottet varit ett omdiskuterat ämne, inte minst bland politiker och jurister men även bland befolkningen som helhet. Protester, debatter, nyhetsartiklar och hashtags är inte ovanligt förekommande inom diskussionen. Syftet med förevarande uppsats har varit att ge en övergripande blick över gränserna för det juridiska begreppet våldtäkt och har ämnat att besvara vilka de ursprungliga gränserna för begreppet våldtäkt var och hur detta begrepp förändrats genom den senaste samtyckesdebatten. För att besvara denna frågeställning har den traditionella rättsdogmatiska metoden tillämpats. Det börjar med en kort introduktion av 1864 års strafflag följt av brottsbalkens införande 1965 där våld och hot är en central del av regleringen. I genomgången lyfts sedan relevanta rättsfall som var för sig belyser viktiga rekvisit för sin tid. I samtyckesdebatten görs en kort genomgång av det omtalade europadomstols målet, MC mot Bulgarien samt vad denna innebär för Sverige. Uppsatsen går sedan vidare i att framställa SOU 2016:60, ett lagförslag där den sexuella integriteten står i centrum och våld och hot suddas ut ur begreppet helt. Lagen ska nu skapa en normativ syn som tydligt visar att gränsen för våldtäkt inte går vid våld, det ska inte heller ge sken av att våld är något som krävs utan gränsen har redan dragits när någon inte frivilligt deltar

Modersmålsundervisningens betydelse för andraspråkselevers kunskapsutveckling

Vårt syfte med detta examensarbete har varit att undersöka hur modersmålsunder-visningen är utformad och hur modersmålslärare och elever uppfattar modersmålsunder-visningens utformning och betydelse för kunskapsutveckling i andra skolämnen. Som underlag till vår undersökning har vi genomfört observationer och intervjuer med fyra modersmålslärare och deras elever på två skolor i Malmö. Resultatet analyserades och diskuterades utifrån relevanta teorier för vår undersökning. För att uppnå vårt syfte ställde vi följande frågor: 1. Hur bedrivs modersmålsundervisningen? 2. Hur planerar lärarna sin undervisning? 3. Vilken funktion anser lärarna att modersmålsundervisningen har för elevernas lärande i andra skolämnen? 4. Vilken koppling gör eleverna mellan modersmålsundervisningen och lärandet i andra skolämnen? Vårt resultat har visat att de modersmålslärare, som är bekanta med och följer kursplanen för modersmål är mer medvetna om vilken stor roll modersmåls-undervisningen har för elevernas kunskapsutveckling i andra skolämnen, samt vilka positiva effekter detta kan föra med sig. Dessa lärare stöter på många hinder i sitt arbete men trots detta arbetar de på ett utvecklande arbetssätt och strävar också efter ett nära samarbete med deras svenska kollegor

"The medical assessment should give us an answer to the question we have posed: is the person a child or an adult?" The boundaries of medical age assessments on unaccompanied minors in Swedish asylum procedures.

With the events of 2015, commonly referred to as the refugee-situation, a light has been cast on various European Union member states’ handling of asylum seekers. In relation to overall stricter procedures, the Swedish state has proposed a series of restrictive policies to cope with the situation. Of focus is the Swedish government’s effort to regulate the area of unaccompanied minors seeking asylum, a group steadily rising since 2010. Unaccompanied minors seeking asylum have certain rights connected to their age, as legally separated by the age of eighteen. As many lack proper documents these rights have been identified as both difficult to access, but also to provide to children only. In response the Swedish government has initiated policies aimed at separating adults from children and thus reduce the costs of asylum. Medical age assessments have been proposed through collaboration between the National Board of Forensic Medicine and the Migration Agency. To achieve the goal of reducing costs, the age assessment has also been moved from the final to the initial part of the asylum investigation. Countering the legislative objectives posed, the thesis embarks on an analysis of what can be achieved through legislation. Through interviews with participants working with unaccompanied minors, the policies’ boundaries are analysed in relation to Niklas Luhmann’s systems theory. Aiming at observing what the identified systems of politics, science and law can manage in their communications. Concluding that the age assessments are not reasonably placed on the Migration Agency (within the legal system). As a result the issues surrounding age assessment remains as the policy expectations fall outside of the system’s boundaries

Optimising the rotational classifier to process Eucla Basin mineral sands

Abstract not available