Structure of a Syn Aldol Addition Product of Benzaldehyde and A Prolinol-Derived O-Silacyclopentyl Ketene N,O-Acetal

The compound (5S,6S,11 aS)-hexahydro-6-methyl-5-phenylspiro[1H,7H-pyrrolo[2,1-e][1,3,6,2]dioxazasilonine-3,1'-silacyclopentan]-7-one (1) results from the silicon-directed condensation of the prolinol-derived O-silacyclopentyl ketene N,O-acetal (2) with benzaldehyde. The five-membered pyrrolidine ring has an envelope conformation and the silacyclopentyl ring has an en-type conformation with C17 and C18 on opposite sides of the CI6--Si--C19 plane. Both of these rings appear to be disordered.Chemistry and Chemical Biolog

Chronic disease risk factors associated with health service use in the elderly

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>To examine the association between number and combination of chronic disease risk factors on health service use.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>Data from the 1995 Nova Scotia Health Survey (n = 2,653) was linked to provincial health services administrative databases. Multivariate regression models were developed that included important interactions between risk factors and were stratified by sex and at age 50. Negative-binomial regression models were estimated using generalized estimating equations assuming an autoregressive covariance structure.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>As the number of chronic disease risk factors increased so did the number of annual general practitioner visits, specialist visits and days spent in hospital in people aged 50 and older. This was not seen among individuals under age 50. Comparison of smokers, people with high blood pressure and people with high cholesterol showed no significantly different impact on health service use.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>As the number of chronic disease risk factors increased so did health service use among individuals over age 50 but risk factor combination had no impact.</p

The diversity and evolution of pollination systems in large plant clades: Apocynaceae as a case study

Background and Aims Large clades of angiosperms are often characterized by diverse interactions with pollinators, but how these pollination systems are structured phylogenetically and biogeographically is still uncertain for most families. Apocynaceae is a clade of >5300 species with a worldwide distribution. A database representing >10 % of species in the family was used to explore the diversity of pollinators and evolutionary shifts in pollination systems across major clades and regions. Methods The database was compiled from published and unpublished reports. Plants were categorized into broad pollination systems and then subdivided to include bimodal systems. These were mapped against the five major divisions of the family, and against the smaller clades. Finally, pollination systems were mapped onto a phylogenetic reconstruction that included those species for which sequence data are available, and transition rates between pollination systems were calculated. Key Results Most Apocynaceae are insect pollinated with few records of bird pollination. Almost three-quarters of species are pollinated by a single higher taxon (e.g. flies or moths); 7 % have bimodal pollination systems, whilst the remaining approx. 20 % are insect generalists. The less phenotypically specialized flowers of the Rauvolfioids are pollinated by a more restricted set of pollinators than are more complex flowers within the Apocynoids + Periplocoideae + Secamonoideae + Asclepiadoideae (APSA) clade. Certain combinations of bimodal pollination systems are more common than others. Some pollination systems are missing from particular regions, whilst others are over-represented. Conclusions Within Apocynaceae, interactions with pollinators are highly structured both phylogenetically and biogeographically. Variation in transition rates between pollination systems suggest constraints on their evolution, whereas regional differences point to environmental effects such as filtering of certain pollinators from habitats. This is the most extensive analysis of its type so far attempted and gives important insights into the diversity and evolution of pollination systems in large clades

Synthetic and mechanistic studies on a silicon-mediated aldol reaction

No abstract submitted

A NEW VARIETAL DESIGNATION IN SILENE DOUGLASII

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Data from: Pollination on the dark side: acoustic monitoring reveals impacts of a total solar eclipse on flight behavior and activity schedule of foraging bees

The total solar eclipse of 21 August 2017 traversed ~5000 km from coast to coast of North America. In its 90-min span, sunlight dropped by three orders of magnitude and temperature by 10–15°C. To investigate impacts of these changes on bee (Hymenoptera: Apoidea) pollinators, we monitored their flights acoustically in natural habitats of Pacific Coast, Rocky Mountain, and Midwest regions. Temperature changes during the eclipse had little impact on bee activity. Most of the explained variation (R2) in buzzing rate was attributable to changes in light intensity. Bees ceased flying during complete darkness at totality, but flight activity was unaffected by dim light in partial phases before and after totality. Flights of bees during partial phases of the eclipse lasted longer than flights made under full sun, showing that behavioral plasticity matched bee flight properties to changes in light intensity during the eclipse. Efforts of citizen scientists, including hundreds of school children, contributed to the scope and educational impact of this study

Managing everyday life: Self-management strategies people use to live well with neurological conditions

Contains fulltext : 231414.pdf (Publisher’s version ) (Open Access

Fig 3 Data

Bee flight buzz density and light intensity during the eclipse in two regions used for environmental monitorin

Fig 3 Data

Bee flight buzz density and light intensity during the eclipse in two regions used for environmental monitorin