Mobiilipelien nousu pelimarkkinoiden huipulle

Tiivistelmä. Mobiilipelien ala on kasvanut muutamassa vuosikymmenessä pelimarkkinoiden ylivoimaiseksi ykköseksi. Teknologinen kehitys on vienyt mobiilipelien ja -alustan kehitystä mukanaan, ja nykyisin ei melkein voida edes kuvitella aikaa, jolloin mobiililaitteita ei ollut. Tämän tutkimuksen tarkoituksena oli tutkia mobiilipelien markkinadominoinnin syitä erityisesti siitä näkökulmasta, miten ja miksi näin on päässyt käymään. Tutkimuksen tavoitteena oli löytää tärkeimpiä mobiilipelien nousuun johtaneita syitä pelimarkkinoilla, kuin myös verrata mobiilialustaa sen kilpailijoihin (PC ja konsolit), jotta voitaisiin vertailla eri alustojen vahvuuksia ja heikkouksia keskenään. Näiden tavoitteiden lisäksi tutkimuksessa käsiteltiin mobiilialan ja -pelien tulevaisuutta, jonka myötä voitiin todeta, että ala tulee alati kasvamaan jatkossa. Kirjallisuuskatsaus osoitti, että pääsyyt mobiilipelien nousulle ovat teknologinen kehitys, mobiililaitteiden määrän jatkuva kasvu ja tehokkaat rahastusmenetelmät. Tämän lisäksi havainnoitiin, että ihmiset käyttävät mobiililaitteita keskimäärin noin kolme tuntia päivässä ja että nuoremmat sukupolvet käyttävät niitä enemmän kuin vanhat. Johtopäätösten mukaan mobiilipelien ala tulee kasvamaan suuresti lähitulevaisuudessa niin pelaajien määrissä kuin markkina-asemassa. Tärkeimpänä tulevaisuuden kasvun alueena on Aasian väkirikkaat maat

Thickness of peat influences the leaching of substances and greenhouse gas emissions from a cultivated organic soil

Abstract The off-site effects of agricultural organic soils include the leaching of N, P, and organic carbon (OC) to watercourses and CO₂, CH₄, and N₂O emissions into the atmosphere. The aim of this study was to quantify how the thickness of organic layers affects these loads. A 19.56-ha experimental field drained by subsurface pipes was established in Ruukki, northwestern Finland. Three plots had a 60–80 cm-thick sedge peat layer and three others had a thickness of 20 cm or less. The drainage pipes lie in mineral soil that, in this field, contains sulfidic material. This study documents the experimental settings and reports on the leaching of substances in the first two years, as well as CO₂, CH₄ and N₂O emissions during eight weeks in one summer. Total N (TN) and OC loads were higher from the thicker peat plots. The mean TN loads during a hydrological year were 15.4 and 9.2 kg ha⁻¹ from the thicker and thinner peat plots, respectively, with organic N representing 36% of TN load. Total P (TP) load averaged 0.27 kg ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹. Dissolved P load represented 63 and 36% of TP in the thicker peat area and only 23 and 13% in the thinner peat area, and was thus increased upon peat thickness. These N and P loads through the subsurface drainage system represented roughly 83% of TN and 64% of TP loads from this field. There were no clear differences in greenhouse gas emissions among the plots during the eight-week monitoring period. Slowly oxidizing sulfide in the subsoil resulted in annual leaching of 147 kg S ha⁻¹, almost ten times that of non-sulfidic soils. Our first results emphasize the effect of the peat thickness on the leaching of substances and warn about considering all organic soils as a single group in environmental assessments

Metabolic profiling of fatty liver in young and middle-aged adults:cross-sectional and prospective analyses of the young Finns study

Abstract Nonalcoholic fatty liver is associated with obesity-related metabolic disturbances, but little is known about the metabolic perturbations preceding fatty liver disease. We performed comprehensive metabolic profiling to assess how circulating metabolites, such as lipoprotein lipids, fatty acids, amino acids, and glycolysis-related metabolites, reflect the presence of and future risk for fatty liver in young adults. Sixty-eight lipids and metabolites were quantified by nuclear magnetic resonance metabolomics in the population-based Young Finns Study from serum collected in 2001 (n = 1,575), 2007 (n = 1,509), and 2011 (n = 2,002). Fatty liver was diagnosed by ultrasound in 2011 when participants were aged 34–49 years (19% prevalence). Cross-sectional associations as well as 4-year and 10-year risks for fatty liver were assessed by logistic regression. Metabolites across multiple pathways were strongly associated with the presence of fatty liver (P < 0.0007 for 60 measures in age-adjusted and sex-adjusted cross-sectional analyses). The strongest direct associations were observed for extremely large very-low-density lipoprotein triglycerides (odds ratio [OR] 5 4.86 per 1 standard deviation, 95% confidence interval 3.48–6.78), other very-low-density lipoprotein measures, and branched-chain amino acids (e.g., leucine OR = 2.94, 2.51–3.44). Strong inverse associations were observed for high-density lipoprotein measures, e.g., high-density lipoprotein size (OR = 0.36, 0.30–0.42) and several fatty acids including omega-6 (OR = 0.37, 0.32–0.42). The metabolic associations were attenuated but remained significant after adjusting for waist, physical activity, alcohol consumption, and smoking (P < 0.0007). Similar aberrations in the metabolic profile were observed already 10 years before fatty liver diagnosis. Conclusion: Circulating lipids, fatty acids, and amino acids reflect fatty liver independently of routine metabolic risk factors; these metabolic aberrations appear to precede the development of fatty liver in young adults

Seven prostate cancer susceptibility loci identified by a multi-stage genome-wide association study

Prostate cancer (PrCa) is the most frequently diagnosed male cancer in developed countries. We conducted a multi-stage genome-wide association study for PrCa and previously reported the results of the first two stages, which identified 16 PrCa susceptibility loci. We report here the results of stage 3, in which we evaluated 1,536 SNPs in 4,574 individuals with prostate cancer (cases) and 4,164 controls. We followed up ten new association signals through genotyping in 51,311 samples in 30 studies from the Prostate Cancer Association Group to Investigate Cancer Associated Alterations in the Genome (PRACTICAL) consortium. In addition to replicating previously reported loci, we identified seven new prostate cancer susceptibility loci on chromosomes 2p11, 3q23, 3q26, 5p12, 6p21, 12q13 and Xq12 (P = 4.0 x 10(-8) to P = 2.7 x 10(-24)). We also identified a SNP in TERT more strongly associated with PrCa than that previously reported. More than 40 PrCa susceptibility loci, explaining similar to 25% of the familial risk in this disease, have now been identified

Identification of 15 new psoriasis susceptibility loci highlights the role of innate immunity

To gain further insight into the genetic architecture of psoriasis, we conducted a meta-analysis of 3 genome-wide association studies (GWAS) and 2 independent data sets genotyped on the Immunochip, including 10,588 cases and 22,806 controls. We identified 15 new susceptibility loci, increasing to 36 the number associated with psoriasis in European individuals. We also identified, using conditional analyses, five independent signals within previously known loci. The newly identified loci shared with other autoimmune diseases include candidate genes with roles in regulating T-cell function (such as RUNX3, TAGAP and STAT3). Notably, they included candidate genes whose products are involved in innate host defense, including interferon-mediated antiviral responses (DDX58), macrophage activation (ZC3H12C) and nuclear factor (NF)-κB signaling (CARD14 and CARM1). These results portend a better understanding of shared and distinctive genetic determinants of immune-mediated inflammatory disorders and emphasize the importance of the skin in innate and acquired host defense