The Effect of Different Phases of Synchrony on Pain Threshold in a Drumming Task

Behavioral synchrony has been linked to endorphin activity (Cohen et al., 2010; Sullivan and Rickers, 2013; Sullivan et al., 2014; Tarr et al., 2015, 2016; Weinstein et al., 2016). This has been called the synchrony effect. Synchrony has two dominant phases of movement; in-phase and anti-phase. The majority of research investigating synchrony’s effect on endorphin activity has focused on in-phase synchrony following vigorous activities. The only research to investigate the effects of anti-phase synchrony on endorphin activity found that anti-phase synchronized rowing did not produce the synchrony effect (Sullivan et al., 2014). Anti-phase synchrony, however, is counterintuitive to the sport of rowing and may have interfered with the synchrony effect. This study investigated the effect of anti-phase synchrony on endorphin activity in a different task (i.e., drumming). University students (n D 30) were asked to drum solo and in in-phase and anti-phase pairs for 3 min. Pain threshold was assessed as an indirect indicator of endorphin activity prior to and following the task. Although the in-phase synchrony effect was not found, a repeated measures ANOVA found that there was a significant difference in pain threshold change among the three conditions [F(2,24) D 4.10, ! N2 D 0.255, p < 0.05). Post hoc t-tests showed that the anti-phase condition had a significantly greater pain threshold change than both the solo and in-phase conditions at p < 0.05. This is the first time that anti-phase synchrony has been shown to produce the synchrony effect. Because anti-phase drumming may have required more attention between partners than in-phase synchrony, it may have affected self-other merging (Tarr et al., 2014). These results support Tarr et al.’s (2014) model that multiple mechanisms account for the effect of synchrony on pain threshold, and suggest that different characteristics of the activity may influence the synchrony effect.Brock University Library Open Access Publishing Fun

Production of artificial seeds of Daucus Carota.

Production of artificial seeds (somatic embryogenesis) was first observed in the 1950s and is a tissue multi plication process which can produce thousands of embryos, each with the potential to form a plant from a few grams of callus

A process evaluation of the Riverside County dependency recovery drug court

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the implementation of the Key Components as identified by the Department of Justice (1998) into the Riverside County Dependency Recovery Drug Court Program

Studies of in vitro Propagation Systems for Sugar Beet

Commercial cultivars of Beta vulgaris (sugar beet) and an annual diploid line, as well as some breeder's materials developed in Ireland, were used in studies on several in vitro culture procedures. An efficient micropropagation system, based on cytokinin-mediated release of apical dominance in axenic shoot cultures, was established for all genotypes. Callus was initiated by several combinations of naphthalene acetic acid and benzyl aminopurine, and was maintained indefinitely on a defined medium. Shoot regeneration from callus developed from petiole explants was achieved using two different protocols but somatic embryogenesis was not observed. The best frequency of shoot regeneration achieved was 16% of calli responding with 1 to 30 adventitious buds developing on responsive calli. A number of apparently normal, rooted plants were obtained from regenerants. Out of 200 ovaries dissected from flowering spikes of cv. Hilma, two ovules developed into plantlets after a two-step culture procedure

Knots and Links in Three-Dimensional Flows

The closed orbits of three-dimensional flows form knots and links. This book develops the tools - template theory and symbolic dynamics - needed for studying knotted orbits. This theory is applied to the problems of understanding local and global bifurcations, as well as the embedding data of orbits in Morse-smale, Smale, and integrable Hamiltonian flows. The necesssary background theory is sketched; however, some familiarity with low-dimensional topology and differential equations is assumed

Elementary simulation of tethered Brownian motion

We describe a simple numerical simulation, suitable for an undergraduate project (or graduate problem set), of the Brownian motion of a particle in a Hooke-law potential well. Understanding this physical situation is a practical necessity in many experimental contexts, for instance in single molecule biophysics; and its simulation helps the student to appreciate the dynamical character of thermal equilibrium. We show that the simulation succeeds in capturing behavior seen in experimental data on tethered particle motion.Comment: Submitted to American Journal of Physic

The Role of Legal Services in the Antipoverty Program

Large-scale adaptive radiations might explain the runaway success of a minority of extant vertebrate clades. This hypothesis predicts, among other things, rapid rates of morphological evolution during the early history of major groups, as lineages invade disparate ecological niches. However, few studies of adaptive radiation have included deep time data, so the links between extant diversity and major extinct radiations are unclear. The intensively studied Mesozoic dinosaur record provides a model system for such investigation, representing an ecologically diverse group that dominated terrestrial ecosystems for 170 million years. Furthermore, with 10,000 species, extant dinosaurs (birds) are the most speciose living tetrapod clade. We assembled composite trees of 614-622 Mesozoic dinosaurs/birds, and a comprehensive body mass dataset using the scaling relationship of limb bone robustness. Maximum-likelihood modelling and the node height test reveal rapid evolutionary rates and a predominance of rapid shifts among size classes in early (Triassic) dinosaurs. This indicates an early burst niche-filling pattern and contrasts with previous studies that favoured gradualistic rates. Subsequently, rates declined in most lineages, which rarely exploited new ecological niches. However, feathered maniraptoran dinosaurs (including Mesozoic birds) sustained rapid evolution from at least the Middle Jurassic, suggesting that these taxa evaded the effects of niche saturation. This indicates that a long evolutionary history of continuing ecological innovation paved the way for a second great radiation of dinosaurs, in birds. We therefore demonstrate links between the predominantly extinct deep time adaptive radiation of non-avian dinosaurs and the phenomenal diversification of birds, via continuing rapid rates of evolution along the phylogenetic stem lineage. This raises the possibility that the uneven distribution of biodiversity results not just from large-scale extrapolation of the process of adaptive radiation in a few extant clades, but also from the maintenance of evolvability on vast time scales across the history of life, in key lineages

Species diversity and dispersal traits alter biodiversity spillover in reconstructed grasslands

1.Grasslands are among the planet\u27s most imperiled ecosystems, largely because habitat conversion has caused extreme biodiversity loss. In response, managers and scientists aim to recreate grassland habitat, yet these reconstructed grasslands are often species poor and lose diversity through time. One potential mechanism to promote biodiversity in grasslands is spillover, or the targeted dispersal of species across habitat boundaries from areas of high to low biodiversity. There is potential for native species to disperse via spillover from high quality remnant habitat and establish in reconstructions, thus increasing biodiversity. However, plant dispersal and establishment are often context dependent, and the conditions that promote spillover in grasslands are largely unknown. 2.Here we examine the contexts under which spillover can enhance biodiversity in grasslands. Specifically, we investigate whether the species richness of reconstructions and individual plant dispersal traits alter spillover. To do so, we surveyed plant species richness at reconstructed grasslands of varying diversity adjacent to remnant grasslands. 3.We found that spillover from remnants supplies reconstructions with rare species that would otherwise not be present, but only in reconstructions with lower overall richness. Further, spillover was more likely to occur for species with wind dispersed seeds than species with unassisted seed dispersal. 4.Synthesis and applications. Our results show that the context dependency of both dispersal and establishment processes are critical to understanding when and where spillover can promote biodiversity in reconstructed systems. Understanding these contexts will help land managers leverage natural dispersal to mitigate biodiversity loss by anticipating which species are likely to arrive in reconstructions without assistance and when they are likely to establish

The relationship between communication and cohesion in inter-collegiate rugby players.

A study was undertaken to examine the relationship between communication and cohesion in inter-collegiate rugby players. Communication in many social systems has been found to be intimately related to other aspects of the group\u27s functionality, including how affiliative or cohesive they are. Certain dimensions of communication are believed to facilitate a cohesive group, including interactions which are honest, supportive, open and direct. This style of communication has been labelled healthy communication. Because of the similarity between sports teams and families and the proven relationship between sport-specific communication patterns and cohesion, it was hypothesized that certain dimensions of communication would be present in rugby teams that would correspond to these healthy patterns in families and that they would be significantly correlated with cohesion. Fifty five male inter-collegiate rugby players completed the Interpersonal Relationship Rating Scale and Group Environment Questionnaire. The results showed that perceived communication was characterized by six factors: Tolerance, Love, Support, Anger, Effectiveness and Confidence as a sports team. Different combinations of these factors significantly predicted each of the four dimensions of group cohesion. Love and Effectiveness were significant in all four models. These findings suggest that rugby teams communicate much like families and, as in these and other systems, healthy communication is intimately tied to group cohesion.Dept. of Kinesiology. Paper copy at Leddy Library: Theses & Major Papers - Basement, West Bldg. / Call Number: Thesis1995 .S94. Source: Masters Abstracts International, Volume: 34-02, page: 0899. Adviser: J. Corlett. Thesis (M.H.K.)--University of Windsor (Canada), 1995