AKTIVITAS ANTIBAKTERI EKSTRAK TIRAM PUTIH (Pleurotus ostreatus) TERHADAP Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, dan Bacillus cereus

Penyakit infeksi adalah penyakit yang di sebabkan oleh mikroorganisme patogen seperti bakteri, virus, jamur dan parasit. Penyakit infeksi menyebabkan kematian tertinggi di Indonesia, maka perlu dilakukan peneletian untuk menemukan antibmikroba salah satunya adalah dari jamur tiram putih Ppleurotus ostreatus) tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui aktivitas antibakteri  dari ekstrak jamur tiram putih (Pleurotus ostreatus) terhadap bakteri pathogen Bacillus cereus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, dan Staphylococcus aureus. Penelitian ini diawali dengan proses ekstraksi menggunakan metode maserasi menggunakan pelarut etanol 96%, kemudian dilakukan pengujian antibakteri dengan menggunakan metode mikrodilusi untuk menentukan nilai Konsentrasi Hambat minimum (KHM) dan Konsentrasi Bunuh Minimum (KBM). Hasil pengujian menunjukkan bahwa ekstrak jamur tiram putih (Pleurotus ostreatus) memiliki aktivitas sebagai antibakteri terhadap Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, dan Bacillus cereus dengan nilai KHM 512 µg/mL, sedangkan terhadap Staphylococcus aureus memiliki nilai KHM 256 µg/mL

ANTIFUNGAL ACTIVITY OF EXTRACT AND FRACTION OF AURICULARIA AURICULAR ON CANDIDA ALBICANS, MICROSPORUM GYPSEUM, AND ASPERGILLUS FLAVUS

Objective: Indonesia with high humidity and rainfall strongly supports the growth of fungi. The incidence of fungal infections has increased dramatically over the past three decades. Several factors including microbiological resistance led to the failure of antifungal therapy. This research was to evaluate the antifungal activity of extract and fraction of Auricularia auricula against the test fungus.Methods: Antifungal activity was performed by microdilution method using extract and n-hexane fraction, ethyl acetate fraction, methanol, and water fraction of A. auricula. MIC was determined by observing the turbidity compared with the control solution. Minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC) was determined by the presence of fungi colonies growth on medium after incubation for 24 h.Results: The fractions of A. auricular have antifungal activity against Candida albicans, with MIC 512 μg/ml and MFC 512 μg/ml; Microsporum gypseum with MIC 256 μg/ml in the extract; MIC 512 μg/ml and MFC 512 μg/ml of ethyl acetate fraction; MIC 256 μg/ml and MFC 512 μg/ml in n-hexane fraction; and Aspergillus flavus with MIC 2048 μg/ml and MFC 2048 μg/ml in the extract and ethyl acetate fraction. The most potent activity on C. albicans was exhibited by ethyl acetate fraction with MIC and MFC 512 μg/ml. Scanning electron microscopy showed changes in the structure of fungi cells after contact with the test solution.Conclusion: The best antifungal activity of A. auricula was ethyl acetate fraction against C. albicans

Antibacterial activity of extracts and fractions of wood ear mushroom (Auricularia auricula)

Infection is a disease caused by pathogenic bacteria, such as Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Bacillus cereus, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The wood ear mushroom (Auricularia auricula) has been empirically and scientifically proven as an agent that can treat infections because it contains antimicrobial properties like polysaccharide and protein complex. This study aimed to determine the antimicrobial activity of the A. auricula extracts and fractions. The first stage of the test comprised the collection, determination, and processing of the test plant. The simplicia was characterized by its water content, ash content, acid solubility, and total ash content. The next step was reflux extraction using 96% ethanol. After a concentrated extract was formed, it was subjected to phytochemical screening and fractionation using liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) with n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and methanol-water solvents. Each of the A. auricula extracts and fractions was tested for antimicrobial activity. Microdilution method was employed to determine the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC), which were later compared with the antibiotic properties of tetracycline. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) was used to observe any morphological changes in the tested bacteria. The MICs of the A. auricula extract, n-hexane fraction, and ethyl acetate fraction against S. aureus were 256 μg/mL, 128 μg/mL, and 64 μg/mL, respectively. However, the bactericidal effects of the test mushroom were not achieved in the experiment. Based on the MICs, the ethyl acetate fraction has the best inhibitory activity. Moreover, the bioautography test of this fraction produced Rf value= 0.78, implying the formation of a zone of growth inhibition. The SEM of the A. auricula extracts and fractions proved that this mushroom altered the morphology of S. aureus bacteria—i.e., the cells became rounded and tapered and showed indications of cell shrinkage and damage. As a conclusion, the ethyl acetate fraction of A. auricula has the best antimicrobial activity against S. aureus

Antimicrobial Activities and Mechanism of Action of Petiveria alliacea Stem Extract

Abstract. This research aimed to determine the antimicrobial activity of ethanol extract of Petiveria alliacea stem (EEPS) against Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, and Candida albicans. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) were determined by perforation and broth micro dilution methods. Study on the mechanism of action of EEPS was conducted by molecular docking and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) techniques. The results showed that EEPS had an inhibitory activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli and Candida albicans with MIC values of 256, 128, 256, 512 µg/ml, consecutively. These values are included in to the medium category. Through the process of molecular docking, the best interaction was observed between S-benzyl-L-cysteine sulfoxide with penicillin-binding protein receptor of Pseudomonas aeruginosa characterized by free energy change (ΔG) of 4.32 kcal/mol, and the Ki value of 682.16 μM. Four folds of MIC of the EEPS caused changes in the morphology of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. EEPS possessed antimicrobial activities against Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, and Candida albicans.   Keywords: Antimicrobial Activity, Molecular Docking, Petiveria alliacea, SEM

Antidiabetic Activities of Muntingia Calabura L. Leaves Water Extract in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Animal Models

BACKGROUND: Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is a heterogeneous group of disorders characterized by increasing blood glucose levels caused by insufficiency of insulin hormone production and activities. There are significant increases in DM case every year in Indonesia, as a consequent, alternative and better drug is needed to be developed. One of the plants that were often used as traditional medicine for DM in Indonesia was Muntingia carabula L. (kersen) leaf. The aim of this research was to evaluate the antidiabetes activity of M. carabula leaves.METHODS: This study was conducted in vivo by evaluating the antidiabetic activity of M. carabula leaf water extract on two animal models, those are insulin deficiency and insulin resistant model animal. The insulin deficiency animal model was developed by aloxan administration at dose of 50 mg/Kg body weight (bw) intravenously. While the insulin resistance animal model was developed by lipid emulsion administration at dose of 0.42 mL/20 grams bw orally. Both groups were randomly devided into 6 groups, which are negative control group, positive control group, standard drug group (glybenclamide 0.65 mg/Kg bw or  metformin 135 mg/Kg bw), and extract groups at dose of 100, 200 and 400 mg/Kg bw. Parameters which were evaluated are fasting blood glucose (FBG) levels for insulin deficiency models and values of constant of insulin tolerance (KITT) for insulin resistant models.RESULTS: In insulin deficient model group, administration of glibenclamide lower the FBG by 43%, furthermore, the extract of M. calabura at doses of 100, 200 and 400 mg/Kg bw also lower the FBG by 13%, 22% and 29%, subsequently. In insulin resistant models, metformin increased the value of KITT from less than 0.5 to 2.91, and administration of the extract at doses of 400, 200 and 100 mg/Kg bw also increased the KITT value to 2.31, 1.57, 1.13, respectively.CONCLUSION: The conclusion was M. carabula leaves water extract with dose of 400 mg/Kg bw had the antidiabetic activities with mechanisms to lower blood glucose level, regenerate pancreatic β cells, and increase insulin sensitivity.KEYWORDS: diabetes mellitus, kersen leaves, Muntingia calabura L., insulin deficiency, insulin resistanc

Penapisan Fitokimia, Kadar Kurkuminoid dan Aktivitas Antibakteri Temu Hitam (Curcuma aeruginosa (Christm) Roscoe.), Temu Putih (Curcuma zedoaria Roxb.) dan Temulawak (Curcuma xanthorrhiza Roxb.)

The content of secondary metabolites in the rhizome of the Curcuma genus such as Black turmeric (Curcuma aeruginosa Roxb.), White turmeric (Curcuma zedoaria (Christm.) Roscoe) and Java turmeric (Curcuma xanthorrhiza Roxb.) play a role in various pharmacological activities. One of them is the content of the curcuminoid compounds which have been proved to have antibacterial activity. This study aims to screen the content of secondary metabolite compounds, determine curcuminoid content and verify the antibacterial activity of the extracts of Black turmeric (Curcuma aeruginosa Roxb.), White turmeric (Curcuma zedoaria (Christm.) Roscoe) and Java turmeric (Curcuma xanthorrhiza Roxb.). Extraction was carried out by the maceration method using 95% ethanol as solvent. Phytochemical screening was tested for the content of alkaloid, polyphenols, flavonoids, quinones, tannins, saponins, and steroids/ triterpenoids compounds. Determination of curcuminoid content by UV-Vis Spectrophotometry method. The antibacterial activity test was carried out by the microdilution method against Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, and Propionibacterium acne bacteria. The results of phytochemical screening showed that the three extracts contained polyphenols and flavonoids. Quinone compounds are only contained in the extract of Black turmeric and Java turmeric. Saponin compounds were only detected in Black turmeric and White turmeric  extracts. Meanwhile, steroid/ triterpenoid compounds were detected in the extract of White turmeric and Java turmeric. The results of curcuminoid content determination on the three extracts showed that the Java turmeric extract had the highest content of curcuminoids (16.07 ± 0.023 mg CE/g extract). The results of the antibacterial test showed the strongest activity of the three test samples shown by Java turmeric extract with a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) value of 64 mg/mL against Staphylococcus aureus bacteria; 256 mg/mL against Staphylococcus epidermidis bacteria; and 32 mg/mL against the Propionibacterium acne bacteria. These results indicate that Java turmeric extract is more active against Propionibacterium acne bacteria

Aktivitas Antidiare Daun Harendong (Malestoma malabathricum L)

Diarrhea still become main health problem especially in several developing countries including Indonesia. Hharendong leaf have been used by people traditionally as the treatment of various Gastrointestinal tract disorders including diarrhea. The purpose of this study was tested antidiarrhea and antibacterial activity of extracts and fractions of the three selected plants. The extraction was conducted using reflux method with ethanol 96% as solvent. Extract was fractinated by liquid-liquid extraction methods using n-hexane and ethylacetate solvents gradually. Antimicrobial activity assays was performed by using broth microdiluiton methods toward extract and fractions of plants selected. Escherichia coli, Shigella dysenteriae, Shigella flexneri, and Salmonella typhi. were used as microbes test. Antidiarhhea activity was tested to diarrhea animal induced by castor oil. Dosage test was given one hour before induction then carried out observations of feces (frequency, consistency and weight). Transit intestinal method was also performed in this experiment with comparing the length of the intestinal through by marker with the total length of the intestine. Antidiarrhea activity result have shown that Harendong leaf extract at the doses 50 and 100 mg/kg BW showed decreased of frequency ,consistency and weight of feces better than another extract. Ethylacetate fraction of the leaf harendong showed antibacterial activity to Shigella dysenteriae ( MIC of 128 µg/ml), dan Salmonella typhi (MIC 512 µg/ml), and fraction n-heksan of the leaf harendong showed antibacterial activity to Shigella dysenteriae and Salmonella typhi the MIC 512 µg/ml

PELATIHAN TEKNOLOGI TEPAT GUNA PEMBUATAN SABUN CAIR PADA IBU-IBU PKK DI RW 9 DAN 17 DESA CIBIRU WETAN KECAMATAN CILEUNYI KABUPATEN BANDUNG

Dengan diadakannya pelatihan pembuatan sabun cair pada ibu-ibu PKK di RW Pengoptimalan kegiatan ibu-ibu PKK Di RW 9 dan 17 Desa Cibiru Wetan Kecamatan Cileunyi Kabupaten Bandung diharapkanakan dapat meningkatkan  kreatifitas masyarakat  guna  menunjang  perekononian keluarga, melalui pelatihan ini masyarakat lebih punya pengetahuan mengenai peluang usaha yang dapat tercipta melalui  kreatifitas  dan  keterampilan dalam proses pembuatan  sabun  cair. Pelatihan teknologi tepat guna pembuatan sabun cair dilaksanakan   melalui   beberapa   tahap   yaitu   dengan   koordinasi dengan mitra terkait dengan penyusunan jadwal kegiatan, persiapan penyuluhan dan pelatihan. Penyuluhan tentang prinsip dasar pembuatan sabun cair lalu dan pelatihan cara pembuatan sabun cair. Hasil pelatihan pembuatan sabun cair ini dikemas dan di gunakan untuk keluarga nya masing-masing, diharapkan dapat dikembangkan menjadi turut  memenuhi  kebutuhan keluarganya  sehingga  dengan  melakukan  sendiri  akan  menghemat  keuangan keluarga  dan  dapat  dijadikan bekal  untuk  membuka  usaha  yang  pada  akhirnya dapat menambah penghasilan keluarga

Antibacterial activity of extracts and fractions of wood ear mushroom (Auricularia auricula)

Infection is a disease caused by pathogenic bacteria, such as Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Bacillus cereus, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The wood ear mushroom (Auricularia auricula) has been empirically and scientifically proven as an agent that can treat infections because it contains antimicrobial properties like polysaccharide and protein complex. This study aimed to determine the antimicrobial activity of the A. auricula extracts and fractions. The first stage of the test comprised the collection, determination, and processing of the test plant. The simplicia was characterized by its water content, ash content, acid solubility, and total ash content. The next step was reflux extraction using 96% ethanol. After a concentrated extract was formed, it was subjected to phytochemical screening and fractionation using liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) with n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and methanol-water solvents. Each of the A. auricula extracts and fractions was tested for antimicrobial activity. Microdilution method was employed to determine the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC), which were later compared with the antibiotic properties of tetracycline. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) was used to observe any morphological changes in the tested bacteria. The MICs of the A. auricula extract, n-hexane fraction, and ethyl acetate fraction against S. aureus were 256 μg/mL, 128 μg/mL, and 64 μg/mL, respectively. However, the bactericidal effects of the test mushroom were not achieved in the experiment. Based on the MICs, the ethyl acetate fraction has the best inhibitory activity. Moreover, the bioautography test of this fraction produced Rf value= 0.78, implying the formation of a zone of growth inhibition. The SEM of the A. auricula extracts and fractions proved that this mushroom altered the morphology of S. aureus bacteria—i.e., the cells became rounded and tapered and showed indications of cell shrinkage and damage. As a conclusion, the ethyl acetate fraction of A. auricula has the best antimicrobial activity against S. aureus

Gambaran Penggunaan Insulin dan Metformin pada Diabetes Mellitus Gestasional-Literature Review

Diabetes Mellitus Gestasional (DMG) merupakan suatu gangguan intoleransi glukosa pada masa kehamilan. Terapi farmakologi yang umumnya diberikan yaitu Insulin dan obat hipoglikemik oral seperti metformin. Metformin sering digunakan pada pengobatan DMG saat ini. Metformin dapat melewati barrier plasenta, namun belum ditemukan adanya bukti kecacatan pada janin atau komplikasi pada bayi. Banyak penelitian melakukan uji coba untuk membandingkan efektivitas dan keamaan metformin pada ibu hamil. Tujuan review artikel ini yaitu untuk mengulas beberapa literature terkait efektivitas dan efisiensi penggunaan obat metformin yang dibandingkan dengan insulin pada DMG. Metode yang digunakan yaitu literature review dengan menggunakan data primer berupa artikel ilmiah atau jurnal, dilakukan penelusuran melalui database Google Scholar, Elsevier, atau PubMed dengan rentang tahun terbit 5 tahun terakhir. Hasil dari review artikel ilmiah menunjukan bahwa insulin tidak menjadi pilihan utama pada pengobatan DMG karena dapat menyebabkan peningkatan berat badan sedangkan penggunaan metformin lebih banyak digunakan. Kesimpulan dari review ini menunjukan tidak terdapat perbedaan efektivitas dalam penggunaan terapi insulin dan metformin dalam menurunkan kadar gula darah pasien DMG. Penggunaan metformin lebih efisien karena tidak menimbulkan kenaikan berat badan dan mengurangi risiko makrosomia dan neonatal hipoglikemia