Acute oral toxicity test and determination of lethal dose (LD50) of Garcinia forbesii King leaf extract in wistar rats

Garcinia forbesii King, an endemic plant from Sumatra and Kalimantan, is traditionally used for treating skin infections and inflammation. Its potential use as a raw material for medicines needs to be supported by safety tests. The purpose of this study is to assess the acute toxicity of its 70% leaf extract in male Wistar rats, evaluating clinical symptoms, body weight changes, organ indices, and the lethal dose (LD50). The study administered extract doses orally at 5 (G2), 50 (G3), 300 (G4), and 2,000 (G5) mg/kg BW, monitoring toxicity signs over 14 days. Symptoms such as piloerection, respiratory distress, and soft feces were noted. Significant weight loss was observed at doses of 2,000 mg/kg BW. There was no significant effect on the kidney index, but the liver and heart indices exhibited significantly lower changes compared to the control. The LD50 value was estimated to be between 2,000-5,000 mg/kg BW. Further studies are recommended to assess histopathological effects and identify harmful chemicals in the plant

Antioxidant and antiinflammatory of clove extract (Syzigium aromaticum) in skeletal muscle damage

Clove extract is a natural ingredient abundant in Indonesia that has various benefits, including being an antioxidant and anti-inflammatory. Although Research has been conducted, it has been limited to discussing the effects of clove extract on muscle damage. This study aims to determine the effect of clove extract on skeletal muscle damage due to excessive eccentric exercise in mice. We used experimental research methods by a post-test only with control group design. Fifteen male mice were randomized into 5 groups. Group I: Normal control, Group II: Negative control, treatment group with a dose of 100 mg/kg BW, treatment group with a dose of 150 mg/kg BW, and treatment group with a dose of 250 mg/kg BW. Measurement of Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Phosphate Oxidase (NOX) and Toll Like Receptor4 (TLR 4) levels were carried out using the ELISA method via Quadriceps muscle samples, and skeletal muscle damage was viewed through an x1000 light microscope. The results of this study carried out using ANOVA showed results of p 0.004 and 0.006, which means that there was a decrease in oxidative stress as measured using NOX and a decrease in the inflammatory stimulator TLR 4 in skeletal muscle damage due to eccentric exercise.ANOVA test results show that there are differences in influence between treatment groups and show that clove extract has benefits as an antioxidant and anti-inflammatory in muscle damage. According to this study, clove extract has the potential to be an antioxidant and anti-inflammatory which can reduce NOX levels and reduce the inflammatory, mediator TLR4 in muscle damage caused by excessive eccentric exercise

Nanoparticle formulation of ethanolic extract of Syzygium polyanthum leaf using chitosan and cross-linking method

Syzygium polyanthum (bay leaves) is widely used in Indonesia and has been shown to have pharmacological activity, such as antihyperlipidemia. The nanoparticle is a delivery system that enhances therapy effectiveness, minimizes side effects, and ensures safety. Therefore, this study aimed to improve the antihyperlipidemic efficacy of Syzygium polyanthum extract by formulating it into nanoparticles. The polymer that is used in this nanoparticle formulation is chitosan, while the cross-linking agent that is used is sodium tripolyphosphate. Three formulations have been developed, each with different stirring times after crosslinking: F1 (20 minutes), F2 (90 minutes), and F3 (150 minutes). At the same time, nanoparticles produced were examined for particle size, ζ potential, polydispersity index, entrapment efficiency, and release study. Syzygium polyanthum extract is abundant in secondary metabolites, including alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, triterpenoids, tannins, and quinones. The particle size data for F1, F2, and F3 were 257±6.68 nm, 232±2.54 nm, and 303±1.3 nm respectively, while the polydispersity index ranged from 0.242 to 0.383. The entrapment efficiency represented by quercetin, used to assess the extracted content of the nanoparticles, yielded results between 39.59% and 67.48%. A release study of nanoparticle Syzygium polyanthum (nanoparticle SP) showed that the extract represented by quercetin can be released from the system is 64-82% in 120 min. The ζ potential measurement in F2 indicated a value of 30.9±0.416 mV, suggesting that the nanoparticle SP formed possesses excellent stability. Among the formulas studied, F2 emerged as the most promising due to its combination of factors such as the smallest size, favorable polydispersity index, high entrapment efficiency, and desirable release profile values. All of the formula has the potential to provide a good therapeutic effect, such as antihyperlipidemia but it needs to be proven by further studies

The phytochemical and antibacterial activity of ethanolic extract of Laportea decumana and Laportea aestuans

Plants have been an important medicinal resource for centuries, offering a rich source of bioactive compounds used in traditional and modern medicine. This study aims to analyze the comparison between Laportea decumana and Laportea aestuans, focusing on the two main aspects, phytochemical screening and antibacterial activity. The extraction of the maceration process uses ethanol 96% as the solvent at room temperature for 72 hours. The qualitative phytochemical analysis uses HCl and FeCl3 0.1% reagents to determine flavonoids and phenolic compounds, respectively. The quantitative analysis of total flavonoid content is measured using colorimetric AlCl₃ method, while the determination of phenolic compounds is performed by the Folin-Ciocalteu. The diffusion method is used to determine the antibacterial activity. The 96% ethanol extract of L. decumana leaves has higher flavonoids (69.4 mg GAE/g extract) than phenolics (55.1 mg QE/g extract). However, the L. aestuans has higher phenolic content (55.3 mg QE/g extract) than flavonoids (35.3 mg GAE/g extract). The antibacterial test using agar diffusion method shows that both extracts inhibited the growth of pure strains of E. coli ATCC and S. aureus ATCC, with different potencies. The L. decumana extract showed 1.5 times stronger activity than the L. aestuans extract on the growth inhibitory activity against E. coli bacteria. The results show that the relationship between the antibacterial activity and the phytochemical profile against E. coli is strong but weak against S. aureus

Cross-resistance to antibiotics of Escherichia coli in the inpatient installation of general regional hospital “X” Bali, Indonesia

Escherichia coli (E. coli) is a critical-priority group of MDR bacteria and its spread can occur in hospital inpatient settings. Several studies showed that antibiotics consumption for inpatients can cause E. coli resistance to other antibiotics called cross-resistance. The aim of this study to determine the cross-resistance in E. coli to antibiotics in the inpatient installation of the regional general hospital "X" in Bali, Indonesia by analyzing the relationship between the antibiotic consumption and the percentage of antibiotic resistance of E. coli. This research is an ecological study with the independent variable is the antibiotics consumption defined as defined daily doses/100 bed-days and the dependent variable is the percentage of E. coli resistance during 2017-2020. The correlation between the level of antibiotic consumption and the percentage of E. coli resistance to antibiotics was analyzed using the Pearson correlation tests. The results showed that the consumption of tetracycline had a significant correlation with increased resistance of E. coli to meropenem and piperacillin-tazobactam (r=0.8-1.0; p<0.05). This showed that there is cross-resistance in E. coli. This incident is associated with selective pressure, horizontal and vertical gene transfer in E. coli. The consumption of tetracycline, apart from inducing the production of the tet gene which is the cause of resistance to tetracycline, can also induce the production of resistance genes to broad-spectrum beta-lactam antibiotics such as piperacillin-tazobactam and meropenem

Impact of Black Garlic extract on cardio-renal protection in hypertensive animal models

A strong link exists between arterial stiffening and cardiovascular conditions, particularly hypertension. Hypertension, a significant contributor to mortality rates, particularly affects elderly populations. The processed form of Allium sativum, known as black garlic, is renowned for its medicinal properties, including its ability to lower blood pressure. This study examined the blood pressure-lowering effects of black garlic extract, employing male Wistar rats aged two to three months.The experiment involved six distinct rat groups, each comprising of four animals. The two groups served as controls, whereas the remaining four underwent different treatments. Captopril was administered to one group at a dose of 2.5 mg/kg, whilst the remaining three groups were given black garlic extract as BG50, BG100, and BG200. All groups, with the exception of the control normal, underwent a 28-day induction protocol that included 25% fructose in drinking water, cholesterol (200 mg/kg), and propylthiouracil (12.5 mg/kg). The test substances were administered starting on day 14 concurrently with the induction phase. The evaluated parameters included blood pressure, arterial stiffness, nitric oxide (NO) levels, and renal histopathology. Black garlic extract significantly lowered blood pressure, enhanced arterial elasticity, and increased NO levels (p < 0.05) compared with the controls. Renal histopathological analysis revealed protective effects, suggesting prevention of kidney damage. These findings suggest that black garlic may have cardiorenal protective effects and could be useful for managing hypertension and arterial stiffness

Na-CMC and glycerine optimization in Binahong leaf extract (Anredera cordifolia) liposome gel and its burn wound healing activity

Burns represent a critical global health issue, contributing to considerable morbidity and mortality rates, particularly within the Southeast Asian region. The administration of appropriate burn therapy is essential to prevent infections and promote effective wound healing. The binahong leaf (Anredera cordifolia) represents a highly promising natural substance for burn therapy, attributed to its ursolic acid content, which is acknowledged for its wound healing properties. However, the limitation caused by its limited solubility and bioavailibility requires the use of nanoparticle technology, such as liposomes, to enhance its efficacy. The aim of this research was to determine an optimal formulation of gel containing liposome-encapsulated binahong leaf extract, with the goal of promoting burn wound healing and examining its in vivo wound healing activity. Histological analysis was employed to provide additional insights into the activity of the gel. The formulation was assessed through a factorial design, exploring various amounts of Na-CMC utilized as a gelling agent alongside glycerine employed as a humectant. The results were subsequently analyzed utilizing Design Expert v13 software. The gel’s viscosity, spreadability, and uniformity were assessed. Na-CMC increased viscosity while reducing spreadability, whereas glycerine had the opposite effect. The optimal formulation contained 2.78–4 g Na-CMC and 5–10 g glycerine. Statistical validation confirmed the model's accuracy. In vivo studies demonstrated that liposomal binahong gel significantly accelerated burn wound healing compared to controls. The results suggest that 10% binahong liposomal gel is a promising alternative for burn treatment

Undesirable events in the use of high-alert medicine geriatric patients at RSUPN Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo

High-Alert Medications (HAM) are drugs that have a high risk of causing significant harm to patients if misused. It is estimated that one in ten geriatric patients experiences undesirable events during hospitalization related to medication use. Detect undesirable events due to the use of high-alert insulin and high-alert heparin drugs in geriatric patients at Rumah Sakit Umum Pusat Nasional (RSUPN) Dr Cipto Mangunkusumo using the trigger tool method based on positive predictive value (PPV) and determine the effect of using high-alert insulin and high alert heparin drugs on undesirable events. A retrospective cohort study will review secondary data from patient medical records (MR). The sample used was from 300 geriatric patients, 82 patients used insulin and 79 patients used heparin which met the inclusion criteria. Data were analyzed in the form of frequencies and percentages (%), calculation of PPV values, and the effect of using high-alert insulin and high-alert heparin on undesirable events using the Chi-Square test. There were 8 trigger-positive patients with undesirable events in the form of hypoglycemia from 82 insulin patients and 4 trigger-positive patients with undesirable events in the form of extended activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) values from 79 heparin patients. Based on the PPV value, both insulin (9.75%) and heparin (5.33%), the trigger tool has not been able to detect undesirable events when using high-alert insulin and high-alert heparin. Based on statistical tests, the p-value= 0.033 (p<0.05) for insulin and heparin p-value= 0.043 (p<0.05) meaning that there is an influence of the use of high-alert insulin and high-alert heparin on undesirable events when using both drugs. The trigger tool method cannot detect undesirable events when using high-alert insulin and high-alert heparin drugs based on laboratory triggers

Utilization of purple sweet potato synbiotic drink as a source of lactic acid bacteria exopolysaccharides for immunomodulation

Immunomodulators, such as exopolysaccharides (EPS), can be found in products processed through lactic acid bacteria (LAB) fermentation. Purple sweet potatoes have the potential to be used as ingredients for making synbiotic drinks because of the high content of oligosaccharides. This study aimed to determine the effectiveness of purple sweet potato synbiotic drinks in improving the immune system in vivo. The experiment was conducted on male mice (Balb-C, 12 weeks old, 25±5 g BW) which were given purple sweet potato synbiotic drink for 14 days with doses of A1, A2, and A3 (50, 100, 150 mg/kg BW) given once a day. On the 14th day, the mice were induced with S. aureus bacteria given intraperitoneally (1 mL, 108 cfu/mL). The immunomodulation-related parameters measured were phagocytic activity, the number of lymphocyte cells, and the relative spleen weight of mice. The results showed that the synbiotic drink of purple sweet potato (A1, A2, and A3) can increase phagocytic activity and lymphocyte cell count and have a significant effect on relative spleen weight (p<0.05). The higher the dose of synbiotic drink, the higher the phagocytic activity and the number of lymphocyte cells, and the smaller the relative spleen weight of the mice

The influence of perceived values on intentions to use halal cosmetics among engineering students at Universitas Muhammadiyah Yogyakarta: partial least squares-structural equation modeling

The Ministry of Industry of the Republic of Indonesia has emphasized the importance of cosmetics as an essential need due to the increasing awareness of the general population. Various values, including functional, conditional, emotional, social, epistemic, and religious, influence individuals in selecting cosmetics, particularly halal cosmetics, given Indonesia's predominantly Muslim population. This study aims to identify the factors influencing the adoption of halal cosmetics among students of the Faculty of Engineering at Muhammadiyah University of Yogyakarta. This research employs a non-experimental quantitative design using a survey method with a cross-sectional approach and a questionnaire as the primary instrument. The sample consists of 137 students who use halal cosmetics, selected through purposive sampling based on inclusion criteria, namely active students who have used or are currently using halal cosmetics. Data analysis was conducted using the Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) approach. The PLS-SEM analysis revealed that functional, conditional, emotional, and epistemic values have a positive and statistically significant influence on the usage of halal cosmetics, with p-values of 0.089, 0.001, 0.001, and 0.004, respectively. In contrast, social and religious values showed no significant relationship with halal cosmetics usage, with p-values of 0.706 and 0.374, respectively. Therefore, this study concludes that the adoption of halal cosmetics among students of the Faculty of Engineering at Muhammadiyah University of Yogyakarta is primarily driven by functional, conditional, emotional, and epistemic values rather than social or religious values