Estimation of losses in a 300 m filter cavity and quantum noise reduction in the KAGRA gravitational-wave detector

International audienceThe sensitivity of the gravitational-wave detector KAGRA, presently under construction, will be limited by quantum noise in a large fraction of its spectrum. The most promising technique to increase the detector sensitivity is the injection of squeezed states of light, where the squeezing angle is dynamically rotated by a Fabry-Pérot filter cavity. One of the main issues in the filter cavity design and realization is the optical losses due to the mirror surface imperfections. In this work we present a study of the specifications for the mirrors to be used in a 300 m filter cavity for the KAGRA detector. A prototype of the cavity will be constructed at the National Astronomical Observatory of Japan, inside the infrastructure of the former TAMA interferometer. We also discuss the potential improvement of the KAGRA sensitivity, based on a model of various realistic sources of losses and their influence on the squeezing amplitude

Étude, développement et caractérisation des miroirs des interféromètres laser de 2ème génération dédiés à la détection des ondes gravitationnelles

In the year of 2015 the construction of the 2nd generation of detectors devoted to gravitational waves is going to be completed. These are large laser Michelson interferometers with arm respectively 3 km (Advanced Virgo) and 4 km (Advanced LIGO) in length. The gravitational waves, predicted by Einstein in 1916 within his theory of general relativity, have not been observed by the first generation of detectors. However, interferometers are now on the way of being ten times more sensitive than before, and so, on the 100th anniversary of the establishment of general relativity, the era of gravitational wave astronomy can start. If laser interferometer will be able to reach unprecedented sensitivity, it is thanks to new technological developments. In particular the new state of the art mirrors installed in the interferometer arms have exceptional performances. This thesis details the design, the development and the characterization of these remarkable large mirrors. My work will deal with the cavity optical loss due to the diffused light itself linked to the mirrors surface quality and to the high reflectivity coating uniformity. By studying the surface flatness, we will understand how it could be influenced by the deposition technique implemented in the coating machine. We will see also how to measure the mirror surfaces by wavelength shifting Fizeau interferometer. Finally, we will detail how we proceeded in order to reach the tight specifications for the mirrors, with in the end only tens of ppm for the cavity round trip lossesEn cette fin d'année 2015, la construction de la 2e génération de détecteurs d'ondes gravitationnelles s'achève. Il s'agit des grands interféromètres de Michelson, dont les bras mesurent 3 km de long (Advanced Virgo) et 4 km de long (Advanced LIGO). Les ondes gravitationnelles, prédites par Einstein en 1916 dans sa théorie de la Relativité Générale n'ont pas été détectées de façon directe par la 1ère génération d'interféromètres. Mais aujourd'hui, la sensibilité a été augmentée d'un ordre de grandeur et le 100ème anniversaire de la théorie d'Einstein pourrait bien ouvrir officiellement l'ère de l'astronomie gravitationnelle. Si la sensibilité des nouveaux interféromètres est désormais exceptionnelle, c'est grâce aux avancées techniques et technologiques, et notamment grâce aux nouveaux miroirs des cavités Fabry-Pérot installés dans les bras de l'interféromètre. Cette thèse présente la conception, le développement et la caractérisation de ses miroirs aux qualités exceptionnelles. Elle s'intéresse aux pertes de lumière diffusée dans les cavités, pertes de diffusion générées par l'état de surface des miroirs et par les défauts d'uniformité des dépôts des couches minces à haute réflectivité. En étudiant la planéité des surfaces, nous verrons comment les modifications techniques du procédé de dépôt IBS ont permis d'améliorer la courbure et la planéité des surfaces. Nous verrons comment nous avons caractérisé ces surfaces avec l'interféromètre de Fizeau à décalage de longueur d'ondes. Nous montrerons enfin comment nous avons atteint les spécifications prévues lors de la conception des miroirs, diminuant les pertes de lumière diffusée dans les cavités Fabry-Pérot à un niveau encore inégalé de seulement quelques dizaines de pp

Design, development and characterization of mirrors of the 2nd generation laser interferometers devoted to gravitational waves detection

En cette fin d'année 2015, la construction de la 2e génération de détecteurs d'ondes gravitationnelles s'achève. Il s'agit des grands interféromètres de Michelson, dont les bras mesurent 3 km de long (Advanced Virgo) et 4 km de long (Advanced LIGO). Les ondes gravitationnelles, prédites par Einstein en 1916 dans sa théorie de la Relativité Générale n'ont pas été détectées de façon directe par la 1ère génération d'interféromètres. Mais aujourd'hui, la sensibilité a été augmentée d'un ordre de grandeur et le 100ème anniversaire de la théorie d'Einstein pourrait bien ouvrir officiellement l'ère de l'astronomie gravitationnelle. Si la sensibilité des nouveaux interféromètres est désormais exceptionnelle, c'est grâce aux avancées techniques et technologiques, et notamment grâce aux nouveaux miroirs des cavités Fabry-Pérot installés dans les bras de l'interféromètre. Cette thèse présente la conception, le développement et la caractérisation de ses miroirs aux qualités exceptionnelles. Elle s'intéresse aux pertes de lumière diffusée dans les cavités, pertes de diffusion générées par l'état de surface des miroirs et par les défauts d'uniformité des dépôts des couches minces à haute réflectivité. En étudiant la planéité des surfaces, nous verrons comment les modifications techniques du procédé de dépôt IBS ont permis d'améliorer la courbure et la planéité des surfaces. Nous verrons comment nous avons caractérisé ces surfaces avec l'interféromètre de Fizeau à décalage de longueur d'ondes. Nous montrerons enfin comment nous avons atteint les spécifications prévues lors de la conception des miroirs, diminuant les pertes de lumière diffusée dans les cavités Fabry-Pérot à un niveau encore inégalé de seulement quelques dizaines de ppmIn the year of 2015 the construction of the 2nd generation of detectors devoted to gravitational waves is going to be completed. These are large laser Michelson interferometers with arm respectively 3 km (Advanced Virgo) and 4 km (Advanced LIGO) in length. The gravitational waves, predicted by Einstein in 1916 within his theory of general relativity, have not been observed by the first generation of detectors. However, interferometers are now on the way of being ten times more sensitive than before, and so, on the 100th anniversary of the establishment of general relativity, the era of gravitational wave astronomy can start. If laser interferometer will be able to reach unprecedented sensitivity, it is thanks to new technological developments. In particular the new state of the art mirrors installed in the interferometer arms have exceptional performances. This thesis details the design, the development and the characterization of these remarkable large mirrors. My work will deal with the cavity optical loss due to the diffused light itself linked to the mirrors surface quality and to the high reflectivity coating uniformity. By studying the surface flatness, we will understand how it could be influenced by the deposition technique implemented in the coating machine. We will see also how to measure the mirror surfaces by wavelength shifting Fizeau interferometer. Finally, we will detail how we proceeded in order to reach the tight specifications for the mirrors, with in the end only tens of ppm for the cavity round trip losse

Large and extremely low loss: the unique challenges of gravitational wave mirrors

International audienceThis paper describes the making of large mirrors for laser interferometer gravitational wave detectors. These optics, working in the near infrared, are among the best optics ever created and played a crucial role in the first direct detection of gravitational waves from black holes or neutron star fusions

BARIUM ISOTOPIC COMPOSITION OF MAINSTREAM SILICON CARBIDES FROM MURCHISON: CONSTRAINTS FOR s-PROCESS NUCLEOSYNTHESIS IN ASYMPTOTIC GIANT BRANCH STARS

We present barium, carbon, and silicon isotopic compositions of 38 acid-cleaned presolar SiC grains from Murchison. Comparison with previous data shows that acid washing is highly effective in removing barium contamination. Strong depletions in $\delta$($^{138}$Ba/$^{136}$Ba) values are found, down to $-$400 permil, which can only be modeled with a flatter $^{13}$C profile within the $^{13}$C pocket than is normally used. The dependence of $\delta$($^{138}$Ba/$^{136}$Ba) predictions on the distribution of $^{13}$C within the pocket in AGB models allows us to probe the $^{13}$C profile within the $^{13}$C pocket and the pocket mass in asymptotic giant branch (AGB) stars. In addition, we provide constraints on the $^{22}$Ne$(\alpha,n)^{25}$Mg rate in the stellar temperature regime relevant to AGB stars, based on $\delta$($^{134}$Ba/$^{136}$Ba) values of mainstream grains. We found two nominally mainstream grains with strongly negative $\delta$($^{134}$Ba/$^{136}$Ba) values that cannot be explained by any of the current AGB model calculations. Instead, such negative values are consistent with the intermediate neutron capture process ($i$-process), which is activated by the Very Late Thermal Pulse (VLTP) during the post-AGB phase and characterized by a neutron density much higher than the $s$-process. These two grains may have condensed around post-AGB stars. Finally, we report abundances of two $p$-process isotopes, $^{130}$Ba and $^{132}$Ba, in single SiC grains. These isotopes are destroyed in the $s$-process in AGB stars. By comparing their abundances with respect to that of $^{135}$Ba, we conclude that there is no measurable decay of $^{135}$Cs ($t_{1/2}$= 2.3 Ma) to $^{135}$Ba in individual SiC grains, indicating condensation of barium, but not cesium into SiC grains before $^{135}$Cs decayed

Simultaneous iron and nickel isotopic analyses of presolar silicon carbide grains

Aside from recording stellar nucleosynthesis, a few elements in presolar grains can also provide insights into the galactic chemical evolution (GCE) of nuclides. We have studied the carbon, silicon, iron, and nickel isotopic compositions of presolar silicon carbide (SiC) grains from asymptotic giant branch (AGB) stars to better understand GCE. Since only the neutron-rich nuclides in these grains have been heavily influenced by the parent star, the neutron-poor nuclides serve as GCE proxies. Using CHILI, a new resonance ionization mass spectrometry (RIMS) instrument, we measured 74 presolar SiC grains for all iron and nickel isotopes. With the CHARISMA instrument, 13 presolar SiC grains were analyzed for iron isotopes. All grains were also measured by NanoSIMS for their carbon and silicon isotopic compositions. A comparison of the measured neutron-rich isotopes with models for AGB star nucleosynthesis shows that our measurements are consistent with AGB star predictions for low-mass stars between half-solar and solar metallicity. Furthermore, our measurements give an indication on the 22Ne (α,n)25Mg reaction rate. In terms of GCE, we find that the GCE-dominated iron and nickel isotope ratios, 54Fe /56Fe and 60Ni /58Ni , correlate with their GCE-dominated counterpart in silicon, 29Si /28Si . The measured GCE trends include the Solar System composition, showing that the Solar System is not a special case. However, as seen in silicon and titanium, many presolar SiC grains are more evolved for iron and nickel than the Solar System. This confirms prior findings and agrees with observations of large stellar samples that a simple age-metallicity relationship for GCE cannot explain the composition of the solar neighborhood

The Interaction between HLA-DRB1 and Smoking in Parkinson's Disease Revisited

Abstract Background Two studies that examined the interaction between HLA-DRB1 and smoking in Parkinson's disease (PD) yielded findings in opposite directions. Objective To perform a large-scale independent replication of the HLA-DRB1 × smoking interaction. Methods We genotyped 182 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNPs) associated with smoking initiation in 12 424 cases and 9480 controls to perform a Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis in strata defined by HLA-DRB1. Results At the amino acid level, a valine at position 11 (V11) in HLA-DRB1 displayed the strongest association with PD. MR showed an inverse association between genetically predicted smoking initiation and PD only in absence of V11 (odds ratio, 0.74, 95 confidence interval, 0.59–0.93, PInteraction = 0.028). In silico predictions of the influence of V11 and smoking-induced modifications of α-synuclein on binding affinity showed findings consistent with this interaction pattern. Conclusions Despite being one of the most robust findings in PD research, the mechanisms underlying the inverse association between smoking and PD remain unknown. Our findings may help better understand this association. © 2022 The Authors. Movement Disorders published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Societ

Progress and challenges in advanced ground-based gravitational-wave detectors

The Amaldi 10 Parallel Session C3 on Advanced Gravitational Wave detectors gave an overview of the status and several specific challenges and solutions relevant to the instruments planned for a mid-decade start of observation. Invited overview talks for the Virgo, LIGO, and KAGRA instruments were complemented by more detailed discussions in presentations and posters of some instrument features and designs