The role of the plot in engendering environmental quality: from unplanned favelas to the planned subdivisions of new blocks

[EN] This work discusses the importance of the site in the morphological structuring of urban centres. Studies on the implantation of the city of Belo Horizonte, located in the state of Minas Gerais Brazil, show that the occupation of the city occurred initially in the valleys. This was due to the favourable conditions of the topography, which allowed an orthogonal layout in the central area. In spite of this, since the city’s foundation, the most rugged areas have been occupied by favelas, whose layout differed from the dominant pattern. As flat areas became scarce, the hilly regions, possessing long strips of land, were also subdivided and exploited due to their substantially lower land prices. Although the favelas sprung up spontaneously and the new settlements were planned, both had similarities in the layout of the streets which were adjusted to the steep contours and the geological conditions of the terrain. At the same time, the plot defined another configuration in the subdivisions, in which the building was occupied by only a single family and, in most cases, the building was separated from the street by high walls. As a consequence, the relationship between public and private space became severely compromised. In the case of the favelas, the formal inexistence of the plot is demonstrated in the juxtaposition of the dwellings, in which each residence is constructed above another in extremely confined space. The relationship with the street also differs in these places, since the first floor often freely connects to the street, integrating the dwelling with the public space and thus contributing to the social life of the community. This is furthermore in contrast to the previously noted walled environments characterising planned areas. The analysis of these parameters could profitably be utilised in new designs that appropriate some of the popular solutions better suited to the environment, and in turn, integrate them into public policy.Authors acknowledge the support received from Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa de Minas Gerais -FAPEMIG, from Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico e Cientifico- CNPq and Cordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES for the development of this paperTeixeira, MC.; Maciel, M.; Pereira Costa, S. (2018). The role of the plot in engendering environmental quality: from unplanned favelas to the planned subdivisions of new blocks. En 24th ISUF International Conference. Book of Papers. Editorial Universitat Politècnica de València. 343-351. https://doi.org/10.4995/ISUF2017.2017.5966OCS34335

Logiques d’acteurs dans la gestion des eaux usées et assainissement dans la commune d’arrondissement de Bafoussam 1er (Ouest-Cameroun)

The management of waste water has become an important and even paramount concern in daily life all over the world. Hygiene and sanitation conditions are gradually deteriorating in Cameroonian cities. Population explosion and the uncontrolled urbanization are weakening the existing waste management systems. The goal of this study is to show how waste water management by different stakeholders can contribute to the sanitation of Bafoussam I. To achieve this goal, the hypothetico-deductive method is used to compare the initial hypotheses with the reality on the ground, based on various sources and especially a survey of 106 households. The information on diseases related to living in unsanitary conditions and on drinking poor quality water collected in households was complemented by information collected in health centres and physical-chemical and bacteriological analyses of 6 samples of waste water taken.  These findings indicate that the attempts initiated by households very often bring only temporary solutions and reveal rudimentary facilities whose state of operation constitutes in itself a source of pollution. The malfunction of sanitation facilities leads to the pollution of surface water, groundwater, soil and air quality. Repeated illness (malaria, typhoid fever, diarrhoea, etc.) that are highly prevalent in health facilities are linked to defective hygiene and insalubrity. The successful mastery of waste water management techniques and sanitation would be effective with the participation of all stakeholders.   La gestion des eaux usées est devenue une préoccupation importante voire primordiale de la vie quotidienne dans le monde entier. Les conditions d’hygiène et de salubrité se dégradent progressivement dans les villes camerounaises. La démographie galopante et l’urbanisation non maitrisée viennent fragiliser les systèmes de gestion des déchets existants. L’objectif visé est de montrer comment la gestion des eaux usées par les différents acteurs peut contribuer à l’assainissement de Bafoussam 1er. Pour l’atteindre, la méthode hypothético-déductive a permis à partir des diverses sources, mais surtout d’une enquête auprès de 106 ménages, de confronter les hypothèses de départ à la réalité de terrain. Les informations sur les maladies liées à la vie dans un environnement insalubre et sur la consommation d’une eau de mauvaise qualité recueillies dans les ménages ont été complétées par celles collectées dans les centres de santé et les analyses physico-chimiques et bactériologiques de 6 échantillons d’eau usée prélevés.  Il ressort de cette étude que les tentatives initiées par les ménages n’apportent très souvent que des solutions provisoires et laissent ressortir des dispositifs rudimentaires dont leur état de fonctionnement constitue en soi une source de pollution. Les dysfonctionnements des systèmes d’assainissement entrainent la pollution des eaux de surface, des eaux souterraines, du sol et de la qualité de l’air. La récurrence des maladies (paludisme, fièvre typhoïde, diarrhée etc.) fortement dénombré dans les formations sanitaires sont liées à l’hygiène défectueuse et l’insalubrité. Le succès de la maitrise des techniques de gestion des eaux usées et de l’assainissement serait efficace avec la participation de tous les acteurs

Kiri Karl Morgensternile, Lyon

http://tartu.ester.ee/record=b1835182~S1*es

Urbanística, política e sociedade: gestão democrática para as cidades brasileiras

O artigo apresenta reflexões teóricas sobre a produção e organização do espaço sob a influência do Estado. O espaço é entendido como o ambiente que sustenta as relações sociais ao mesmo tempo em que é modificado por elas, sendo compreendido como paisagem cultural. Por meio do sistema de regulação urbanística, o Estado intervém na produção e na organização da paisagem. O objetivo do artigo é discutir fundamentos para a construção da gestão democrática dos municípios brasileiros com o intuito de concretizar a noção de direito à cidade. A discussão é feita mediante pesquisa teórica que articula a formação da urbanística moderna, sua vinculação com a ciência moderna e sua ruptura com a política. A (re)vinculação da urbanística com a política, chave para a concretização do direito à cidade, pressupõe estruturas de gestão democrática. Essas estruturas necessitam de aberturas para a democracia direta, essa, exercida por meio da construção e reconstrução de verdades mediante o diálogo, pressupõe um Estado que provê os mínimos sociais para a redução das desigualdades das estruturas de poder e para a superação da distinção entre as atividades de planejamento e gestão. The article presents theoretical reflections on the production and organization of space under the influence of the State. Space is understood as the environment that sustains social relations while being modified by them, being understood as a cultural landscape. Through the urban regulation system, the State influences the production and organization of the landscape. The purpose of this paper is to discuss the foundations for the construction of the democratic management of brazilian cities in order to realize the notion of the right to the city. The discussion is made through theoretical research that articulates the formation of modern town-planning, its link with modern science and its rupture with politics. The (re) linking of town-planning with politics, key to the realization of the right to the city, presupposes democratic management structures. These structures need openings for direct democracy, which, exercised through the construction and reconstruction of truths through dialogue, presupposes a State that provides the social minimums to reduce inequalities in power structures and to overcome the distinction between planning and management activities

The uniqueness of Morro Vermelho in Belo Horizonte's metropolitan region

A expressão histórica e cultural de uma sociedade no ambiente físico permite a contemplação da vivência da comunidade em diversos períodos morfológicos, conferindo ao habitat uma identidade própria. O presente artigo tem como objetivo contrapor a ausência de tecido urbano em Morro Vermelho, distrito do município de Caeté, Minas Gerais, à evolução urbana da Região Metropolitana de Belo Horizonte, na qual está inserido, buscando compreender os motivos pelos quais essa ocupação territorial estagnou. Além disso, o trabalho visa aplicar os conceitos da Escola Italiana e da Escola Inglesa de Morfologia Urbana, comparando a análise feita no Distrito de Morro Vermelho em 2013 com a formação de Belo Horizonte, quando ainda era Arraial Curral Del Rei. Para o desenvolvimento deste artigo foi realizado um trabalho de campo no distrito de Morro Vermelho e posterior análise dos dados coletados utilizando os conceitos de Morfologia Urbana.The expression of a historical and cultural society in the physical environment, allows an approach with the community experience in various morphological periods, granting to the habitat a distinct identity. The article’s objective is to understand the absence of urban fabric in Morro Vermelho, district of Caeté, in Minas Gerais, in contradistinction with the evolution of the urban Metropolitan Region of Belo Horizonte, in which it is inserted, seeking to understand the reasons for which this territorial occupation has stagnated. In addition, the work aims to apply the concepts of the Italian and the English Schools of Urban Morphology, comparing the analysis of Morro Vermelho’s District, done in 2013, with the formation of Belo Horizonte, when it was still a country site named Curral Del Rei. For this article’s development it was necessary a site visit in Morro Vermelho and a later analysis of the data collected using the concepts of Urban Morphology.

Corinne ou L'Italie

XV, 504 p

Sincronicidade e mudanças de paradigmas nas principais escolas de Morfologia Urbana

Este artigo oferece insights sobre semelhanças e contrastes entre as escolas italiana e inglesa de Morfologia Urbana, sob a luz dos conceitos de sincronicidade e mudança de paradigma. Este texto examina e revela a possível sincronia entre conceitos, fruto das crises pessoais sofridas por M.R.G. Conzen e Saverio Muratori e a subsequente mudança de paradigma contra a modernidade, para a qual contribuíram os dois representantes da Morfologia Urbana. Essa ruptura, argumenta-se, foi uma reação ao meio histórico em que os dois estudiosos se encontravam. O período em questão se inicia antes da Segunda Guerra Mundial e culminou com as novas abordagens e práticas de planejamento urbano emergentes no início da década de 1960. Assim, serão destacados os determinantes e motivações dos dois investigadores que levaram ao surgimento da Morfologia Urbana, de forma a aprofundar e consolidar a compreensão para as futuras gerações de estudiosos que trabalham neste campo do conhecimento