122 research outputs found
Trypanosomosis risk factors and impact assessment of a tsetse and trypanosomosis eradication campaign in Burkina Faso
Tsetse and animal trypanosomosis (T&T) are the main constraints to animal production in Africa, especially in Burkina Faso where the economy relies mainly on the rural sector. To eliminate this scourge in Africa, the Heads of States and Governments have decided in July 2000, during the summit of the African Union in Lomé, Togo, to create the Pan African Tsetse and Trypanosomiasis Eradication Campaign (PATTEC). The experimental work that is presented in this thesis aimed at i) evaluating the parasitological and baseline situation in the Region of the Boucle du Mouhoun, the PATTEC intervention area, ii) evaluating drug resistance in the area, iii) assessing the competitiveness of irradiated male tsetse from a 40-year-old colony to be used in the Sterile Insect Technique and finally iv) assessing the impact of the campaign of elimination of T&T
Les DiatomĂ©es Sub-fossiles de Lâestuaire du Saloum, SĂ©nĂ©gal: inventaire floristique et palĂ©o-environnement fournis par la carotte de Ndangane Babou
Dans le programme de reconstitution de lâhistoire des estuaires et lagunes du SĂ©nĂ©gal et de lâinventaire de la microflore Ă diatomĂ©es de la SĂ©nĂ©-Gambie, une carotte de sondage de 400 cm de long a Ă©tĂ© rĂ©alisĂ©e Ă Ndangane Babou sur un des bras de lâestuaire du Saloum (14°07âČ53.86âł N/16°17âČ40.08âł W) Ă 95 km de lâembouchure. Lâanalyse comparĂ©e de la lithologie et de la microflore a montrĂ© une corrĂ©lation significative entre la fraction pĂ©litique, lâabondance absolue des diatomĂ©es et leur diversitĂ© spĂ©cifique. Le faible taux de sable, majoritairement dâorigine marine tout au long de la carotte pourrait sâexpliquer par lâĂ©loignement du site de prĂ©lĂšvement par rapport Ă lâembouchure du fleuve. LâĂ©tude a permis dâinventorier 89 espĂšces et variĂ©tĂ©s de diatomĂ©es appartenant Ă 48 genres. Les genres les plus reprĂ©sentĂ©s sont Nitzschia (11 espĂšces), Coscinodiscus (7 espĂšces), Amphora et Navicula (4 espĂšces chacune). Huit espĂšces sont citĂ©es pour la premiĂšre fois en SĂ©nĂ©-Gambie. La dominance des espĂšces euryhalines tout au long de la carotte ainsi que la prĂ©sence constante des formes dâeau douce tĂ©moignent de variations de la salinitĂ© entre les saisons hivernales marquĂ©es par des apports dâeau douce et les saisons sĂšches. Dâun milieu deltaĂŻque ouvert aux influences marines (Zone A), le Saloum a Ă©tĂ© marquĂ© par des upwellings qui ont apportĂ©s des sels nutritifs jusquâĂ la hauteur de Ndangane Babou durant le dĂ©pĂŽt de la zone B. Par la suite, lâinstallation dâun climat chaud et humide a entrainĂ© une augmentation de la pluviomĂ©trie et permis dâatteindre une palĂ©o-productivitĂ© primaire et une palĂ©o-biodiversitĂ© maximales au sommet de la zone C, avant lâinstallation dâun climat aride Ă lâorigine du caractĂšre inverse de lâestuaire (zone D). Dans ce milieu, lâhydrodynamisme serait Ă lâorigine de lâaugmentation du taux de sable et corrĂ©lativement la diminution des diatomĂ©es suivie de leur disparition.
As part of the program to rebuilt the estuaries and lagoons history in Senegal and the inventory of the diatom microflora in Senegal and Gambia, a 400 cm long core was taken at Ndangane Babou on one of the arms from the Saloum estuary (14°07âČ53.86âł N/16°17âČ40.08âł W), 95 km from the ocean. The comparative analysis of the lithology and the microflora showed a significant correlation between the lutite fraction, the absolute abundance of diatoms and their specific diversity. The low rate of sand, mostly of marine origin throughout the core, could be explained by the distance of the site from the mouth of the estuary. The study allowed to inventory 89 species and varieties of diatom belonging to 48 genera. The most represented genera are Nitzschia (11 species), Coscinodiscus (7 species each), Amphora and Navicula (4 species each). Eight species are cited for the first time in Sene-Gambia. The dominance of euryhaline species throughout the core as well as the constant presence of freshwater forms attest to variations in salinity between the rainy seasons marked by freshwater inflows and the dry seasons. From a delta environment open to marine influences (Zone A), the Saloum estuary was marked by upwellings brought nutritive salts up to the height of Ndangane Babou during Zone B deposit. Subsequently, the installation of a hot and humid climate led to an improvement in rainfall and allowed to achieve maximum primary paleo-productivity and paleo-biodiversity at the top of zone C, before the installation of an arid climate at the origin of the opposite character of the estuary (zone D). In this environment, hydrodynamics would be the cause of the increase in the rate of sand and correlatively the decrease in diatoms followed by their disappearance
Daily consumption of ready-to-use peanut-based therapeutic food increased fat free mass, improved anemic status but has no impact on the zinc status of people living with HIV/AIDS: a randomized controlled trial
Profil épidémiologique de la Tuberculose, Sénégal, 2009-2018: Epidemiological profile of Tuberculosis, Senegal, 2009-2018
Introduction: Le fardeau de la tuberculose (TB) pose un grave probleÌme de santeÌ publique au SeÌneÌgal. Nous avons analyseÌ les donneÌes de surveillance de la tuberculose pour deÌcrire le poids et la tendance de la tuberculose au SeÌneÌgal. MĂ©thodes: Nous avons effectueÌ une analyse secondaire des donneÌes de surveillance de la tuberculose du 1er janvier 2009 au 31 deÌcembre 2018 du programme national de lutte contre la tuberculose (PNT). RĂ©sultats: Au total, 128 836 cas de tuberculose toutes formes ont eÌteÌ analyseÌes dont 67,42% de nouveaux cas de TB pulmonaire confirmeÌe par microscopie. Les personnes aÌgeÌes de 25-34 ans repreÌsentaient 29,66%. Le sex-ratio H/F eÌtait de 2,33. Dakar avait rapporteÌ la plupart des cas 44,17%. L'incidence pour 100 000 habitants eÌtait de 91, 87 et 86 en 2009, 2008 et 2011, de 93, 95 et 95 en 2012, 2013 et 2014 et de 92, 86, 87 et 84 en 2015, 2016, 2017 et 2018. La majoriteÌ des cas (77%) avaient eÌteÌ testeÌs pour le VIH, dont 6,84% co-infecteÌs. Le taux de TB multireÌsistante (TB-MR) eÌtait de 11%. Conclusion: Au SeÌneÌgal, l'incidence de la tuberculose a leÌgeÌrement diminueÌ en raison du faible taux de deÌtection qui eÌtait de 62% en 2018. Le nombre de cas deÌtecteÌ a augmenteÌ entre 2013 et 2014, mais elle restait infeÌrieure aÌ celle estimeÌe par l'organisation mondiale de la santeÌ. Une surveillance accrue de la tuberculose et un suivi des tuberculeux pour eÌviter la pharmaco-reÌsistance sont neÌcessaires.
Introduction: The burden of tuberculosis (TB) is a serious public health problem in Senegal. We analysed TB surveillance data to describe the burden and trend of TB in Senegal. Method: We conducted a secondary analysis of TB surveillance data from 1 January 2009 to 31 December 2018 from the national TB control programme (NTP). Results: A total of 128,836 cases of all forms of tuberculosis were analysed, of which 67.42% were new cases of microscopically confirmed pulmonary TB. Persons aged 25-34 years accounted for 29.66%. The sex ratio M/F was 2.33. Dakar reported most cases 44.17%. The incidence per 100 000 populations was 91, 87 and 86 in 2009, 2008 and 2011, 93, 95 and 95 in 2012, 2013 and 2014 and 92, 86, 87 and 84 in 2015, 2016, 2017 and 2018. The majority of cases (77%) had tested positive for HIV, with 6.84% co-infected. The rate of multidrug-resistant TB (MDR-TB) was 11%. Conclusion: In Senegal, the incidence of TB has slightly decreased due to the low detection rate which was 62% in 2018. The number of detected cases increased between 2013 and 2014, but it remained below that estimated by the World Health Organization. Increased surveillance of TB and monitoring of TB patients to avoid drug resistance is needed.
 
About a case of a specific complication of monoamniotic twin pregnancy: umbilical cord entanglement
Monoamniotic twin pregnancies are uncommon and often complicated by umbilical cord entanglement. It is important to investigate a umbilical cord entanglement during antenatal ultrasound examinations. The diagnosis is based on ultrasound with color and pulsed Doppler. Despite the high percentage of cord entanglement, the perinatal mortality rate remains very low. Rigorous ultrasound monitoring and recording of fetal heart rhythms can improve the prognosis. We report a case of umbilical cord entanglement in a monoamniotic twin pregnancy discovered during a caesarean section with a favorable outcome
Impact of day of delivery on obstetric and perinatal outcome: a 10 years retrospective descriptive and analytical study at the Phillipe Maguilen Senghor Health Centre, Dakar, Senegal
Background: For a lot of women, childbirth is still a feared moment. Despite considerable progress in the management of childbirth and its complications, maternal and neonatal morbidity and mortality are still a major problem even in developed countries. To evaluate the influence of day of delivery on obstetrical and perinatal outcome.Methods: Retrospective cohort study conducted at the Philippe Maguilen SENGHOR health center maternity ward from January 1, 2011 to June 30, 2019, on patients with a pregnancy of more than 22 weeks of amenorrhea who were received for delivery management. The deliveries periods were divided according to whether they occurred on a working day (deliveries from Monday to Friday, excluding public holidays) or on weekends and public holidays (deliveries on Saturdays, Sundays and days declared as public holidays according to the Gregorian and Senegalese event calendars). The data were extracted from our E-perinatal database and analysed in the Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS 24, Mac version).Results: Over 102 months, we recorded 42 870 deliveries. The average age of the patients was 27 years with extremes of 13 and 50 years. Nearly one in three deliveries took place on a holiday or weekend (n=13566-31.6%). The rate of caesarean delivery on weekends/holidays (18.8%) was lower than that on weekdays (21%). The odds ratio of having/benefiting from a weekend/holiday caesarean section was 0.87 (CI 0.83-0.92, p<0.0001). Our results suggest that patients who deliver on weekdays are more likely to receive a caesarean section than those who deliver on weekends or holidays. Perineal injury, World Health Organization obstetric complications, and neonatal outcome showed no significant difference by day of delivery.Conclusions: Our results contradict the idea that deliveries on weekends and holidays are more risky for patients and their children
A Spatio-temporal Model of African Animal Trypanosomosis Risk
[b]Background[/b]African animal trypanosomosis (AAT) is a major constraint to sustainable development of cattle farming in sub-Saharan Africa. The habitat of the tsetse fly vector is increasingly fragmented owing to demographic pressure and shifts in climate, which leads to heterogeneous risk of cyclical transmission both in space and time. In Burkina Faso and Ghana, the most important vectors are riverine species, namely Glossina palpalis gambiensis and G. tachinoides, which are more resilient to human-induced changes than the savannah and forest species. Although many authors studied the distribution of AAT risk both in space and time, spatio-temporal models allowing predictions of it are lacking.[b]Methodology/Principal Findings[/b]We used datasets generated by various projects, including two baseline surveys conducted in Burkina Faso and Ghana within PATTEC (Pan African Tsetse and Trypanosomosis Eradication Campaign) national initiatives. We computed the entomological inoculation rate (EIR) or tsetse challenge using a range of environmental data. The tsetse apparent density and their infection rate were separately estimated and subsequently combined to derive the EIR using a "one layer-one model" approach. The estimated EIR was then projected into suitable habitat. This risk index was finally validated against data on bovine trypanosomosis. It allowed a good prediction of the parasitological status (r(2) = 67%), showed a positive correlation but less predictive power with serological status (r(2) = 22%) aggregated at the village level but was not related to the illness status (r(2) = 2%).[b]Conclusions/Significance[/b]The presented spatio-temporal model provides a fine-scale picture of the dynamics of AAT risk in sub-humid areas of West Africa. The estimated EIR was high in the proximity of rivers during the dry season and more widespread during the rainy season. The present analysis is a first step in a broader framework for an efficient risk management of climate-sensitive vector-borne diseases
Community of Practice (CoP) on climate informed advisory services for livestock farmers: The process of co-development and dissemination in Senegal
Livestock is an important source of income for millions of smallholder farmers, including women, in Senegal (Habanabakize, Ba, et al., 2022; Habanabakize, Diasse, et al., 2022). But drought, heat waves and extreme wet events, exacerbated by climate change, threaten food security, animal health and the livelihoods of many pastoral communities in the country. With the increased variability of the growing season, natural pasture and water availability, undernourished cattle must travel longer and longer distances.1 In order to reduce uncertainty and to protect their livelihoods and assets, herders utilise various adaptation strategies, including: (1) destocking by selling livestock at often low prices prior to and during to drought; (2) transhumance, which entails a higher risk of animal loss; (3) purchase of feeds which can be costly; (4) utilisation of residues from croplands which may lead to conflict with farmers. In this context, extension services, developed on knowledge and innovations sourced from local- national-international research, can play a vital role in building the capacity of livestock farmers to improve their productivity and profit (Pousga et al., 2022)
Factors Associated with the Prevalence of Circulating Antigens to Porcine Cysticercosis in Three Villages of Burkina Faso
Taenia solium cysticercosis is a neglected tropical infection transmitted between humans and pigs. This infection is particularly common in areas where sanitation, hygiene and pig management practices are poor, and can sometimes lead to epilepsy in humans. There is very little information about the importance of this infection in Burkina Faso, even though pork meat is widely consumed in many villages. We conducted a pilot study in three villages: two villages where pig rearing and pork consumption are common (Batondo and Pabré) but with different pig management practices, and one village with limited pig farming and pork consumption (Nyonyogo). Blood tests were done on pigs and information on pig raising was collected from farmers. Our study demonstrated that at least one third of pigs are infected with cysticercosis in villages where they are raised, and, particularly when pigs are left to roam some or all of the time. It also demonstrated that farmers may not be aware of this disease until one of their animals is found to be infected. Thus, the study concluded that there is an urgent need for improving education in order to control this tropical disease
Initial findings from a novel population-based child mortality surveillance approach: a descriptive study.
--- - Label: BACKGROUND NlmCategory: BACKGROUND content:
"Sub-Saharan Africa and south Asia contributed 81% of 5\xC2\xB79
million under-5 deaths and 77% of 2\xC2\xB76 million stillbirths
worldwide in 2015. Vital registration and verbal autopsy data
are mainstays for the estimation of leading causes of death, but
both are non-specific and focus on a single underlying cause. We
aimed to provide granular data on the contributory causes of
death in stillborn fetuses and in deceased neonates and children
younger than 5 years, to inform child mortality prevention
efforts." - Label: METHODS NlmCategory: METHODS content: "The
Child Health and Mortality Prevention Surveillance (CHAMPS)
Network was established at sites in seven countries (Baliakandi,
Bangladesh; Harar and Kersa, Ethiopia; Siaya and Kisumu, Kenya;
Bamako, Mali; Manhi\xC3\xA7a, Mozambique; Bombali, Sierra Leone;
and Soweto, South Africa) to collect standardised,
population-based, longitudinal data on under-5 mortality and
stillbirths in sub-Saharan Africa and south Asia, to improve the
accuracy of determining causes of death. Here, we analysed data
obtained in the first 2 years after the implementation of CHAMPS
at the first five operational sites, during which surveillance
and post-mortem diagnostics, including minimally invasive tissue
sampling (MITS), were used. Data were abstracted from all
available clinical records of deceased children, and relevant
maternal health records were also extracted for stillbirths and
neonatal deaths, to incorporate reported pregnancy or delivery
complications. Expert panels followed standardised procedures to
characterise causal chains leading to death, including
underlying, intermediate (comorbid or antecedent causes), and
immediate causes of death for stillbirths, neonatal deaths, and
child (age 1-59 months) deaths." - Label: FINDINGS NlmCategory:
RESULTS content: Between Dec 10, 2016, and Dec 31, 2018, MITS
procedures were implemented at five sites in Mozambique, South
Africa, Kenya, Mali, and Bangladesh. We screened 2385 death
notifications for inclusion eligibility, following which 1295
families were approached for consent; consent was provided for
MITS by 963 (74%) of 1295 eligible cases approached. At least
one cause of death was identified in 912 (98%) of 933 cases (180
stillbirths, 449 neonatal deaths, and 304 child deaths); two or
more conditions were identified in the causal chain for 585
(63%) of 933 cases. The most common underlying causes of
stillbirth were perinatal asphyxia or hypoxia (130 [72%] of 180
stillbirths) and congenital infection or sepsis (27 [15%]). The
most common underlying causes of neonatal death were preterm
birth complications (187 [42%] of 449 neonatal deaths),
perinatal asphyxia or hypoxia (98 [22%]), and neonatal sepsis
(50 [11%]). The most common underlying causes of child deaths
were congenital birth defects (39 [13%] of 304 deaths), lower
respiratory infection (37 [12%]), and HIV (35 [12%]). In 503
(54%) of 933 cases, at least one contributory pathogen was
identified. Cytomegalovirus, Escherichia coli, group B
Streptococcus, and other infections contributed to 30 (17%) of
180 stillbirths. Among neonatal deaths with underlying
prematurity, 60% were precipitated by other infectious causes.
Of the 275 child deaths with infectious causes, the most common
contributory pathogens were Klebsiella pneumoniae (86 [31%]),
Streptococcus pneumoniae (54 [20%]), HIV (40 [15%]), and
cytomegalovirus (34 [12%]), and multiple infections were common.
Lower respiratory tract infection contributed to 174 (57%) of
304 child deaths. - Label: INTERPRETATION NlmCategory:
CONCLUSIONS content: Cause of death determination using MITS
enabled detailed characterisation of contributing conditions.
Global estimates of child mortality aetiologies, which are
currently based on a single syndromic cause for each death, will
be strengthened by findings from CHAMPS. This approach adds
specificity and provides a more complete overview of the chain
of events leading to death, highlighting multiple potential
interventions to prevent under-5 mortality and stillbirths. -
Label: FUNDING NlmCategory: BACKGROUND content: Bill &
Melinda Gates Foundation
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