15 research outputs found
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Ricochets on Asteroids: Experimental study of low velocity grazing impacts into granular media
Spin off events and impacts can eject boulders from an asteroid surface and rubble pile asteroids can accumulate from debris following a collision between large asteroids. These processes produce a population of gravitational bound objects in orbit that can impact an asteroid surface at low velocity and with a distribution of impact angles. We present laboratory experiments of low velocity spherical projectiles into a fine granular medium, sand. We delineate velocity and impact angles giving ricochets, those giving projectiles that roll-out from the impact crater and those that stop within their impact crater. With high speed camera images and fluorescent markers on the projectiles we track spin and projectile trajectories during impact. We find that the projectile only reaches a rolling without slipping condition well after the marble has reached peak penetration depth. The required friction coefficient during the penetration phase of impact is 4-5 times lower than that of the sand suggesting that the sand is fluidized near the projectile surface during penetration. We find that the critical grazing impact critical angle dividing ricochets from roll-outs, increases with increasing impact velocity. The critical angles for ricochet and for roll-out as a function of velocity can be matched by an empirical model during the rebound phase that balances a lift force against gravity. We estimate constraints on projectile radius, velocity and impact angle that would allow projectiles on asteroids to ricochet or roll away from impact, finally coming to rest distant from their initial impact sites.</p
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Genome-wide trans-ancestry meta-analysis provides insight into the genetic architecture of type 2 diabetes susceptibility.
To further understanding of the genetic basis of type 2 diabetes (T2D) susceptibility, we aggregated published meta-analyses of genome-wide association studies (GWAS), including 26,488 cases and 83,964 controls of European, east Asian, south Asian and Mexican and Mexican American ancestry. We observed a significant excess in the directional consistency of T2D risk alleles across ancestry groups, even at SNPs demonstrating only weak evidence of association. By following up the strongest signals of association from the trans-ethnic meta-analysis in an additional 21,491 cases and 55,647 controls of European ancestry, we identified seven new T2D susceptibility loci. Furthermore, we observed considerable improvements in the fine-mapping resolution of common variant association signals at several T2D susceptibility loci. These observations highlight the benefits of trans-ethnic GWAS for the discovery and characterization of complex trait loci and emphasize an exciting opportunity to extend insight into the genetic architecture and pathogenesis of human diseases across populations of diverse ancestry
Identification and characterisation of putative seminal fluid proteins from male reproductive tissue EST libraries in tiger beetles
Propagation and attenuation of pulses driven by low velocity normal impacts in granular media
We carry out experiments of low velocity normal impacts into granular
materials that fill an approximately cylindrical 42 litre tub. Motions in the
granular medium are tracked with an array of 7 embedded accelerometers.
Longitudinal pulses excited by the impact attenuate and their shapes broaden
and become smoother as a function of travel distance from the site of impact.
Pulse propagation is not spherically symmetric about the site of impact. Peak
amplitudes are about twice as large for the pulse propagating downward than at
45 degrees from vertical. An advection-diffusion model is used to estimate the
dependence of pulse properties as a function of travel distance from the site
of impact. The power law forms for pulse peak pressure, velocity and seismic
energy depend on distance from impact to a power of -2.5 and this rapid decay
is approximately consistent with our experimental measurements. Our experiments
support a seismic jolt model, giving rapid attenuation of impact generated
seismic energy into rubble asteroids, rather than a reverberation model, where
seismic energy slowly decays. We apply our diffusive model to estimate physical
properties of the seismic pulse that will be excited by the forthcoming DART
mission impact onto the secondary, Dimorphos, of the asteroid binary (65803)
Didymos system. We estimate that the pulse peak acceleration will exceed the
surface gravity as it travels through the asteroid
Ricochets on asteroids: Experimental study of low velocity grazing impacts into granular media
Data from: Lifespan and reproductive cost explain interspecific variation in the optimal onset of reproduction
Fitness can be profoundly influenced by the age at first reproduction (AFR), but to date the AFR-fitness relationship only has been investigated intraspecifically. Here we investigated the relationship between AFR and average lifetime reproductive success (LRS) across 34 bird species. We assessed differences in the deviation of the Optimal AFR (i.e., the species-specific AFR associated with the highest LRS) from the age at sexual maturity, considering potential effects of life-history as well as social and ecological factors. Most individuals adopted the species-specific Optimal AFR and both the mean and Optimal AFR of species correlated positively with lifespan. Interspecific deviations of the Optimal AFR were associated with indices reflecting a change in LRS or survival as a function of AFR: a delayed AFR was beneficial in species where early AFR was associated with a decrease in subsequent survival or reproductive output. Overall, our results suggest that a delayed onset of reproduction beyond maturity is an optimal strategy explained by a long lifespan and costs of early reproduction. By providing the first empirical confirmations of key predictions of life-history theory across species, this study contributes to a better understanding of life-history evolution
Data from: Lifespan and reproductive cost explain interspecific variation in the optimal onset of reproduction
Fitness can be profoundly influenced by the age at first reproduction (AFR), but to date the AFR-fitness relationship only has been investigated intraspecifically. Here we investigated the relationship between AFR and average lifetime reproductive success (LRS) across 34 bird species. We assessed differences in the deviation of the Optimal AFR (i.e., the species-specific AFR associated with the highest LRS) from the age at sexual maturity, considering potential effects of life-history as well as social and ecological factors. Most individuals adopted the species-specific Optimal AFR and both the mean and Optimal AFR of species correlated positively with lifespan. Interspecific deviations of the Optimal AFR were associated with indices reflecting a change in LRS or survival as a function of AFR: a delayed AFR was beneficial in species where early AFR was associated with a decrease in subsequent survival or reproductive output. Overall, our results suggest that a delayed onset of reproduction beyond maturity is an optimal strategy explained by a long lifespan and costs of early reproduction. By providing the first empirical confirmations of key predictions of life-history theory across species, this study contributes to a better understanding of life-history evolution