Effect of Tree Form on the Productivity of a Cut-to-Length Harvester in a Hardwood Dominated Stand

It is commonly accepted that tree form has an impact on the productivity of single-grip harvesters. However, it remains unclear, which elements of tree form are significant and to what degree they impact harvesting productivity. This is of particular importance in hardwood dominated stands, where hardwood trees often exhibit complex and variable stem and crown architecture that can complicate and prolong the processing phase. With the development of specialized harvesting heads, hardwoods, which were mostly subject to motor-manual operations, are now increasingly being cut and processed with fully mechanized harvesting systems. The goal of this pilot project was to determine the effect of tree form on the productivity of mechanized cut-to-length harvesting. A time and motion study of a single-grip harvester, operating in a hardwood dominated stand, suggests that the presence of a fork or a large branch on the main stem can reduce machine harvesting productivity by 15 to 20%

Aquaresponsabilité municipale. Rapport final de l’audit de la Ville de Québec sur l’eau

L'aquaresponsabilité est un concept qui englobe toutes les actions qu'une ville devrait entreprendre pour assurer une saine gestion de ses ressources en eau. Ces actions assureront la pérennité de la ressource tout en permettant un partage équitable et une utilisation rationnelle. Fondamentalement, l’aquaresponsabilité est une démarche de développement durable qui s’inscrit dans un contexte de gestion intégrée des ressources en eau. Ce rapport présente les résultats de l’audit de la Ville de Québec sur l’aquaresponsabilité municipale. Comme en témoignent les différents constats que nous avons réalisés au cours de cet audit, on peut souligner dans un premier temps que la Ville de Québec : déploie des efforts importants pour réaliser une gestion rationnelle de l’eau sur son territoire; a réalisé des efforts financiers significatifs pour améliorer les infrastructures et ainsi réduire le déficit accumulé en ce qui a trait à leur détérioration; a le souci de respecter les normes et tous les règlements en vigueur tant pour l’eau potable que pour le traitement des eaux usées; met en place des mécanismes pour communiquer avec ses citoyens; et, finalement, a clairement indiqué sa vision concernant la gestion de l’eau. La gestion de l’eau demeure une opération complexe pour une municipalité, qui requiert une continuité d’actions à court, moyen et long termes. La fourniture d’une eau potable de qualité, le traitement des eaux usées satisfaisant les normes de rejet, le transport des eaux potable, pluviales et usées, la protection des ressources et l’accessibilité à l’eau, entre autres, impliquent de nombreuses opérations et de nombreux intervenants. Une ville aquaresponsable a le devoir d’exceller dans tous les aspects de la gestion de l’eau. Il va de soi qu’il s’agit là d’un objectif ultime vers lequel une ville doit tendre. On doit souligner, à la lumière des constats que nous avons réalisés au cours de cet audit, que la Ville de Québec doit, dans un processus d’amélioration continue, corriger certaines lacunes et perfectionner certaines de ses façons de faire. Nous avons donc choisi, parmi l’ensemble des recommandations que nous avons émises pour chacun des éléments de l’audit, celles qui à notre avis permettraient à la Ville à la fois de maintenir sa performance et de l’accroître le plus rapidement possible dans les domaines où il y a place à amélioration. Ces recommandations ne sont pas données par ordre de priorité. À notre avis, elles sont aussi importantes l’une que l’autre. Ainsi, la Ville doit : 1. Déployer les ressources et actions nécessaires pour effectuer des bilans de consommation en eau réalistes, en vue d’améliorer la connaissance des différents types de consommation, d’améliorer la connaissance des pertes réelles et de prioriser les interventions afin de faciliter une gestion durable. 2. Revoir la méthode d’estimation du coût de l’eau et la facturation pour les consommateurs industriels, commerciaux et institutionnels (ICI). 3. Évaluer de façon précise l’état des diverses infrastructures d’eau afin d’être en mesure de planifier les besoins financiers pour en assurer la pérennité. 4. Maintenir un niveau suffisant d’investissements liés à l’entretien, à la réhabilitation et au remplacement des infrastructures, en tenant compte de l’impact des changements climatiques. 5. Regrouper dans un seul système l’ensemble des données sur les infrastructures d’eau, de façon à faciliter l’accès, la mise à jour et l’exploitation des informations concernant l’état et la valeur des infrastructures, en vue d’une meilleure planification des budgets requis pour l’entretien, l’opération, la réhabilitation et le remplacement de ces infrastructures. 6. Poursuivre, dans l’esprit de la politique actuelle de la Ville, le déploiement des mécanismes d’information aux citoyens, particulièrement en ce qui concerne les économies d’eau potable, et améliorer le système de gestion des plaintes. 7. Définir un ensemble d’indicateurs sur la gestion de l’eau en lien avec la base de données mentionnée ci-haut, lesquels serviraient en temps réel de tableau de bord pour la gestion de l’eau. 8. Mettre en place une politique intégrée de gestion des risques, qui comprend l’identification des risques, les mesures de prévention et d’atténuation, et les protocoles d’intervention. 9. Prioriser la formation et la qualification des employés, compte tenu des nombreux départs à la retraite. La transmission du savoir et de l’expertise des anciens doit être assurée par un programme de transition adapté. 10. Mettre en place un contrôle de qualité pour vérifier et harmoniser les travaux réalisés par les Divisions des travaux publics des Arrondissements. 11. Poursuivre les projets d’amélioration dans tous les aspects de la gestion de la neige et de la glace (façons de faire, intégration des technologies, impacts environnementaux, etc.). 12. Accroître la contribution et la participation de la Ville dans la gestion intégrée de l’eau par bassin versant, afin de s’assurer que la planification de l'utilisation du territoire contribue à protéger la qualité des ressources en eau et des écosystèmes aquatiques

The changing culture of silviculture

Changing climates are altering the structural and functional components of forest ecosystems at an unprecedented rate. Simultaneously, we are seeing a diversification of public expectations on the broader sustainable use of forest resources beyond timber production. As a result, the science and art of silviculture needs to adapt to these changing realities. In this piece, we argue that silviculturists are gradually shifting from the application of empirically derived silvicultural scenarios to new sets of approaches, methods and practices, a process that calls for broadening our conception of silviculture as a scientific discipline. We propose a holistic view of silviculture revolving around three key themes: observe, anticipate and adapt. In observe, we present how recent advances in remote sensing now enable silviculturists to observe forest structural, compositional and functional attributes in near-real-time, which in turn facilitates the deployment of efficient, targeted silvicultural measures in practice that are adapted to rapidly changing constraints. In anticipate, we highlight the importance of developing state-of-the-art models designed to take into account the effects of changing environmental conditions on forest growth and dynamics. In adapt, we discuss the need to provide spatially explicit guidance for the implementation of adaptive silvicultural actions that are efficient, cost-effective and socially acceptable. We conclude by presenting key steps towards the development of new tools and practical knowledge that will ensure meeting societal demands in rapidly changing environmental conditions. We classify these actions into three main categories: reexamining existing silvicultural trials to identify key stand attributes associated with the resistance and resilience of forests to multiple stressors, developing technological workflows and infrastructures to allow for continuous forest inventory updating frameworks, and implementing bold, innovative silvicultural trials in consultation with the relevant communities where a range of adaptive silvicultural strategies are tested. In this holistic perspective, silviculture can be defined as the science of observing forest condition and anticipating its development to apply tending and regeneration treatments adapted to a multiplicity of desired outcomes in rapidly changing realities

The changing culture of silviculture

Changing climates are altering the structural and functional components of forest ecosystems at an unprecedented rate. Simultaneously, we are seeing a diversification of public expectations on the broader sustainable use of forest resources beyond timber production. As a result, the science and art of silviculture needs to adapt to these changing realities. In this piece, we argue that silviculturists are gradually shifting from the application of empirically derived silvicultural scenarios to new sets of approaches, methods and practices, a process that calls for broadening our conception of silviculture as a scientific discipline. We propose a holistic view of silviculture revolving around three key themes: observe, anticipate and adapt. In observe, we present how recent advances in remote sensing now enable silviculturists to observe forest structural, compositional and functional attributes in near-real-time, which in turn facilitates the deployment of efficient, targeted silvicultural measures in practice that are adapted to rapidly changing constraints. In anticipate, we highlight the importance of developing state-of-the-art models designed to take into account the effects of changing environmental conditions on forest growth and dynamics. In adapt, we discuss the need to provide spatially explicit guidance for the implementation of adaptive silvicultural actions that are efficient, cost-effective and socially acceptable. We conclude by presenting key steps towards the development of new tools and practical knowledge that will ensure meeting societal demands in rapidly changing environmental conditions. We classify these actions into three main categories: re-examining existing silvicultural trials to identify key stand attributes associated with the resistance and resilience of forests to multiple stressors, developing technological workflows and infrastructures to allow for continuous forest inventory updating frameworks, and implementing bold, innovative silvicultural trials in consultation with the relevant communities where a range of adaptive silvicultural strategies are tested. In this holistic perspective, silviculture can be defined as the science of observing forest condition and anticipating its development to apply tending and regeneration treatments adapted to a multiplicity of desired outcomes in rapidly changing realities

Le musée, un lieu éducatif

This anthology contains essays on various aspects of museum education, by 35 members of the Special Interest Group on Education and Museums (SIGEM). Originally presented at a conference held in Montreal in 1995, the essays in this book address a wide range of issues related to the educational function of museums. Topics discussed include: educational, scientific and museological research; the value of guided tours and visual arts workshops; the question of evaluation; and relationships between museums and schools. 21 diagrams and 19 charts. 4 texts in English 31 texts in French. Circa 480 bibl. ref

Identification of a BRCA2-Specific modifier locus at 6p24 related to breast cancer risk

Common genetic variants contribute to the observed variation in breast cancer risk for BRCA2 mutation carriers; those known to date have all been found through population-based genome-wide association studies (GWAS). To comprehensively identify breast cancer risk modifying loci for BRCA2 mutation carriers, we conducted a deep replication of an ongoing GWAS discovery study. Using the ranked P-values of the breast cancer associations with the imputed genotype of 1.4 M SNPs, 19,029 SNPs were selected and designed for inclusion on a custom Illumina array that included a total of 211,155 SNPs as part of a multi-consortial project. DNA samples from 3,881 breast cancer affected and 4,330 unaffected BRCA2 mutation carriers from 47 studies belonging to the Consortium of Investigators of Modifiers of BRCA1/2 were genotyped and available for analysis. We replicated previously reported breast cancer susceptibility alleles in these BRCA2 mutation carriers and for several regions (including FGFR2, MAP3K1, CDKN2A/B, and PTHLH) identified SNPs that have stronger evidence of association than those previously published. We also identified a novel susceptibility allele at 6p24 that was inversely associated with risk in BRCA2 mutation carriers (rs9348512; per allele HR = 0.85, 95% CI 0.80-0.90, P = 3.9×10−8). This SNP was not associated with breast cancer risk either in the general population or in BRCA1 mutation carriers. The locus lies within a region containing TFAP2A, which encodes a transcriptional activation protein that interacts with several tumor suppressor genes. This report identifies the first breast cancer risk locus specific to a BRCA2 mutation background. This comprehensive update of novel and previously reported breast cancer susceptibility loci contributes to the establishment of a panel of SNPs that modify breast cancer risk in BRCA2 mutation carriers. This panel may have clinical utility for women with BRCA2 mutations weighing options for medical prevention of breast cancer

Associations of common breast cancer susceptibility alleles with risk of breast cancer subtypes in BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation carriers

Introduction: More than 70 common alleles are known to be involved in breast cancer (BC) susceptibility, and several exhibit significant heterogeneity in their associations with different BC subtypes. Although there are differences in the association patterns between BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation carriers and the general population for several loci, no study has comprehensively evaluated the associations of all known BC susceptibility alleles with risk of BC subtypes in BRCA1 and BRCA2 carriers. Methods: We used data from 15,252 BRCA1 and 8,211 BRCA2 carriers to analyze the associations between approximately 200,000 genetic variants on the iCOGS array and risk of BC subtypes defined by estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) and triple-negative- (TN) status; morphologic subtypes; histological grade; and nodal involvement. Results: The estimated BC hazard ratios (HRs) for the 74 known BC alleles in BRCA1 carriers exhibited moderate correlations with the corresponding odds ratios from the general population. However, their associations with ER-positive BC in BRCA1 carriers were more consistent with the ER-positive as

Functional mechanisms underlying pleiotropic risk alleles at the 19p13.1 breast-ovarian cancer susceptibility locus

A locus at 19p13 is associated with breast cancer (BC) and ovarian cancer (OC) risk. Here we analyse 438 SNPs in this region in 46,451 BC and 15,438 OC cases, 15,252 BRCA1 mutation carriers and 73,444 controls and identify 13 candidate causal SNPs associated with serous OC (P=9.2 × 10-20), ER-negative BC (P=1.1 × 10-13), BRCA1-associated BC (P=7.7 × 10-16) and triple negative BC (P-diff=2 × 10-5). Genotype-gene expression associations are identified for candidate target genes ANKLE1 (P=2 × 10-3) and ABHD8 (P<2 × 10-3). Chromosome conformation capture identifies interactions between four candidate SNPs and ABHD8, and luciferase assays indicate six risk alleles increased transactivation of the ADHD8 promoter. Targeted deletion of a region containing risk SNP rs56069439 in a putative enhancer induces ANKLE1 downregulation; and mRNA stability assays indicate functional effects for an ANKLE1 3′-UTR SNP. Altogether, these data suggest that multiple SNPs at 19p13 regulate ABHD8 and perhaps ANKLE1 expression, and indicate common mechanisms underlying breast and ovarian cancer risk