Diversity of TP53 Mutations in CLL: Retrospective Analysis of 450 Mutations from the French Innovative Leukemia Organization (FILO) Group

International audienc

Vitamin B12 : physiology, production and application

Cobalamin or B12 is an important group of water‐soluble compounds belonging to the cobalt corrinoid family. This chapter provides an overview of B12 chemistry and physical properties, its occurrence in natural sources and quantification of B12, mainly in foods. A summary of key nutritional aspects of B12 in humans is also given, that is, absorption and uptake, metabolic cofactor functions and the current context of B12 deficiencies and their detection, with references to detailed reviews. The chapter presents the current state of B12 production by Propionibacterium and Pseudomonas, including genetic engineering of producing strains, downstream processing (DSP) of fermentation products, B12 purification and future directions for industrial B12 production. Future demand for B12 will likely continue to increase in both developed and developing countries, mainly due to increases in human and animal populations and the ageing population with higher needs for B12‐fortified food