Gestión pública local y formalización de los comerciantes ambulantes autorizados en la ciudad de Lima, 2022

La presente tesis titulada “Gestión Pública Local y Formalización de los Comerciantes Ambulantes autorizados en la ciudad de Lima, 2022”, la cual se elaboró para obtener el grado académico de Maestro en Gestión Pública, tiene como objetivo determinar de qué manera influye la gestión pública local en la formalización de los comerciantes ambulantes autorizados en la ciudad de Lima 2022. Por otro lado, la metodología empleada corresponde a un enfoque cualitativo cuyo tipo de investigación es básica y presenta un diseño hermenéutico. Por ello, mediante la aplicación de una guía de entrevista a 7 funcionarios con experiencia en gestión pública, se obtuvo como resultado que es importante la gestión pública local en la formalización de los comerciantes ambulantes, ya que esto permitirá conocer mediante un padrón municipal cuántos comerciantes ambulantes hay en que cada distrito, en el que se registrará los datos, nivel socioeconómico, y actividad económica del comerciante ambulante, asimismo, mediante campañas de sensibilización orientar a los comerciantes ambulantes, con la finalidad de brindar ideas de negocio. Finalmente, se concluyó que la gestión pública local influye positivamente en la formalización de los comerciantes ambulantes autorizados en la ciudad de Lima, ya que esta dará lugar a la implementación de las políticas públicas y la aplicación de planes y actividades dirigidas a la incorporación de los ambulantes a la actividad económica formal

La subrogación de las administradoras de riesgos laborales frente al tercero civilmente responsable y la acumulación de indemnizaciones

El problema de la Subrogación de las ARL frente al tercero civilmente responsable, se suscita en razón a que, la jurisprudencia no ha sido consistente en admitir la consagración legal de la subrogación en favor de la aseguradora de los riesgos laborales, como tampoco lo ha sido en entender los postulados de la responsabilidad civil y, en ultimas, en aceptar que el sistema de riesgos laborales esta cimentado sobre la base de un seguro patrimonial, pues lo que se tiende a proteger, en cierta medida es el propio patrimonio del afiliado asegurado y de su familia, sujetándose el mismo al principio indemnizatorio que rige para este tipo de contratos de seguros. La temática del trabajo de grado, es demostrar que los criterios plasmados en la jurisprudencia, parten por la interpretación disímil de los criterios antes reseñados.The problem of subrogation ARL against the liable third party arises due to the fact that the law has not been consistent in admitting the legal consecration of the subrogation in favor of the insurance of occupational risks, nor was to understand the principles of civil liability and, ultimately, to accept that the system of occupational risk is grounded on the basis of a property insurance, because what tends to protect certain extent is the property of the insured member himself and his family, subject to the same principle governing compensation for such contracts. The theme of the thesis is to demonstrate that the criteria set out in case law, depart for dissimilar interpretation of the criteria outlined above.Especialista en Derecho de SegurosEspecializació

Front Microrheology of biological Fluids

Directora de la tesi: Auror Hernández Machado. Tutor de la tesi: Antoni Planes Vila[eng] Since Poiseuille times, several techniques has been developed to measure the viscosity of blood. During the 60's and 70's, with the appearance of the first rheomethers, the rheological properties of blood were accurately measured and a behavior dependent of the velocity gradient of the fluid flow was determined. As well, it was observed that blood had shear thinning properties, meaning, that if the velocity of the blood flow increases, the viscosity of blood decreases. From a medical point of view, blood and its blood plasma are the most effective fluids to detect global pathologies in human and animals. These pathologies may be related to their viscosities, their plasma proteins, or the properties of its red blood cells, as their aggregation, deformability or the elastic properties of its cellular membrane. Lately, with the birth of microfluidics at the beginnings of the 90’s, new techniques for the diagnostic of diseases has been developed. The avantages in the use of microfluidic devices for diagnostics are: the low amount of sample required to perform a measure, their portability, that they are easy to use and the low cost of its fabrication. The aim of this thesis project was to extend the study of front microrheology through the development of a device and method that describes accurately the non-linear rheology of biofluids, mainly blood, by means of a simple optical detection method based on tracking the fluid-air interface moving inside a microchannel. We centered in the fluid front (interface fluid-air) since is a direct, easy and cheap method to study fluid flows. In order to achieve this, we first had to developed a microfluidic device and method which would allow us to obtain a clear image of the fluid front. This was made, using a microscope and a high speed camera. The images obtained with the camera were analyzed by means of a computational code developed in Wolfram Mathematica©. The thesis work was mainly experimental comprinsing: fabrication of microfluidic devices and experiments with Newtonian and non-Newtonian fluids. Our results have been compared with theoretical and bibliographical results. The original results from this thesis are separated in two parts. The first part of the research was dedicated to the study the interface fluid-air of flows of Newtonian fluids. In order, to achieve reliable viscosity results with our device and method, and prove our system as a viscometer, we tested several fluids, including blood plasma which is known to be Newtonian. Our results were compared with the results obtained with a different viscometer to prove their reliability. This part of the study states our microfluidic device and method as a viscometer. The second part of this thesis was dedicated to extend the results for Newtonian fluid to non-linear hemorheology and comprises all the results for blood. Blood is essentially a difficult fluid to manipulate and study. In general, it presents non-Newtonian properties as shear thinning, meaning, that its viscosity decreases as the stress or the shear rate increases. This non-Newtonian properties are due to plasma proteins and especial characteristics of its red blood cells. With our device and method we were able to observe the non-Newtonian behavior of blood and to obtain its viscosity at different shear rates and stresses. As well, we related its viscosity to some of its red blood cells properties, as their tendency to form aggregates and the flexibility of their cellular membrane. The studies of blood were developed at different hematocrits, different dates from the extraction of the sample and with anemic blood and blood with alphathalessemia. In general, our device and method is usefull as a viscometer and rheometer, as well as, it enables to establish a relation between blood viscosity and its red blood cells characteristics.[spa] Desde los tiempos de Poiseuille, se han desarrollado variadas técnicas para medir la viscosidad de la sangre. Durante las décadas de los 60’s y 70’s con la aparición de los primeros reómetros las propiedades reológicas de la sangre fueron medidas y se determinó su comportamiento dependiente del gradiente de velocidad. Además se observó que posee un comportamiento pseudoplástico, es decir, que a medida que aumenta su velocidad su viscosidad disminuye. Desde un punto de vista médico, la sangre y su plasma sanguíneo son los fluidos más eficaces para la detección de patologías globales. Estas patologías pueden estar relacionadas con su viscosidad, con las proteínas presentes en el plasma o con las propiedades de sus glóbulos rojos, como su agregación, deformabilidad o la capacidad elástica de su membrana celular. En los últimos años, con el nacimiento de la microfluídica a principio de los 90’s, nuevas técnicas para el diagnóstico de enfermedades se han desarrollado. La ventaja del uso de la microfluídica en el diagnóstico de enfermedades viene dada por: el bajo requerimiento de muestra para realizar la detección, su portabilidad, la facilidad de uso y el bajo costo de su fabricación. El objetivo de esta tesis ha sido el estudio de la interfase fluido-aire, por medio del desarrollo de un dispositivo microfluídico y método sencillo que permite obtener la viscosidad tanto de fluidos newtonianos e.g. plasma sanguíneo y sangre con un error no superior al 10%. Además de ser capaces de observar el comportamiento no-Newtoniano de la sangre, y a su vez, relacionar su viscosidad con características específicas de sus células rojas como la agregación y la flexibilidad de su membrana. Los estudios de sangre se realizaron a distintos hematocritos, distintos días desde la extracción de la muestra y muestras de anemia y alfa-talasemia. La tesis ha sido desarrollada principalmente desde un punto de vista experimental y está separada en 2 partes. La primera contempla los resultados obtenidos en el estudio de frentes de fluidos Newtonianos. La segunda parte se centra en los resultados obtenidos para la sangre y su relación con las propiedades de sus células rojas

Evaluación del posicionamiento preciso a través de los receptores GPS LEA-6T, NEO-M8T y ZED-F9P de bajo costo

Se comparó el posicionamiento obtenido en dos casos de estudios dependientes de las distancias (~31 y ~4.9 Km) a través del método estático mediante el uso de receptores de bajo costo de simple (LEA-6T y NEO-M8T) y doble frecuencia (ZED-F9P); tomando como referencia un receptor de orden geodésico Geomax Zenith 25. Asimismo, el posicionamiento fue evaluado con a la normativa vigente en México para el Circulo de Error Probable (CEP) y Exactitud Posicional Vertical (EPV) con una incertidumbre del 95%. Seencuentran discrepancias entre coordenadas para un mismo punto en el sistema ENU, valores mínimos de ~ 2 mm y ~ 10 mm, para una distancia ~31 y ~4.9 Km, respectivamente, obteniendo el mejor resultado con el receptor de una frecuencia LEA-M8T para la distancia de ~31 km; para el caso ~4.9 km se presenta con el receptor ZED-F9P en conjunto con una antena de orden Geodésico. Por otro lado, los resultados muestran un grado de cumplimiento en el posicionamiento de los receptores de bajo costo favorable donde; se obtienen valores de 8 mm de variación máxima para CEP; para EPV al 95% de confiabilidad, 1 cm de discrepancia. Presentando los mejores resultados los receptores LEA-6T y NEO-M8T, caso ~31 km, en cuanto a CEP y EPV.   A comparative study between the positioning obtained in two case studies depending on distances (~31 and ~4.9 km) was carried out through the static method of survey using the low-cost receivers of single (LEA-6T and NEO-M8T) and double frequency (ZED-F9P). The reference was taken as Geomax Zenith 25 geodetic order receiver. The positioning was evaluated with the current regulations in Mexico for the Circle of Probable Error (CEP) and Vertical Positional Accuracy (EPV) with an uncertainty of 95%. The discrepancies between coordinates for the same point in the ENU system were found to be the minimum values of ~ 2 mm and ~ 10 mm for a distance of ~31 and ~4.9 Km, respectively. The best results were obtained with the NEO-M8T single frequency receiver for the distance of ~31 km and for the distance of ~4.9 km, it is presented with the ZED-F9P receiver in conjunction with a geodetic antenna. Whereas on the other hand, the results show a degree of compliance in the positioning of low-cost receivers wherein the variation values of a maximum of 8 mm are obtained for CEP and for EPV 1 cm discrepancy was observed at 95% reliability. The LEA-6T and NEO-M8T receivers presented the best results for the case of ~31 km, in terms of CEP and EPV

Microsporogenesis, microgametogenesis, and pollen grain morphology of <em>Fouquieria fasciculata</em> (Fouquieriaceae, Ericales)

Background: Embryology of the male reproductive structures in Fouquieriaceae has been poorly studied. The ontogeny of the anther wall, microsporogenesis, microgametogenesis, and pollen morphology were described in detail for Fouquieria fasciculata. Questions: How microsporogenesis and microgametogenesis are carried out in Fouquieria fasciculata? How is the morphology of mature pollen grain? Study species: Fouquieria fasciculata (Fouquieriaceae). Study site and date: Río Estórax Canyon, near the El Plátano, Querétaro, Mexico. Methods: Floral buds and flowers at different stages of development were collected and processed for further analysis with light and scanning electron microscopy. Results: The development of the anther wall is of Dicotyledonous type. The anther wall consists of a single-layered epidermis covered by a thick cuticle, an endothecium with U-shaped fibrous thickenings, one middle layer and a secretory tapetum with uni or binucleate cell. Two orbicules types were characterized: doughnut-shape orbicules and aggregated orbicules with ruminate appearance. Microsporogenesis is successive, the microspore tetrads are tetrahedral. Pollen grains are prolate, tricolporate with reticulate-heterobrochate exine, and are shed in the two-celled stage. Conclusions: This research is the first comprehensive study of male structures ontogeny of Fouquieriaceae. Remarkable features were described in Fouquieria fasciculata, such as the differentiation of a secretory tapetum and the presence of orbicules, which are described for the first time and contribute to characterize the embryology of Fouquieriaceae

The Genetics of Self-Compatibility and Associated Floral Characters in Tolpis (Asteraceae) in the Canary Islands

This is the publisher's version, also available electronically from http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/668788.Members of the genus Tolpis (Asteraceae) endemic to the Canary Islands comprise a monophyletic group with the dispersal of one species to the Cape Verde Islands. Most species are self-incompatible or pseudo-self-compatible perennials. However, one species, Tolpis coronopifolia, consists of self-compatible annual plants with several floral features typical of the selfing syndrome. The evolution of self-compatibility and the selfing syndrome was studied by producing synthetic hybrids between self-incompatible/pseudo-self-compatible and self-compatible plants to determine the genetic architecture of breeding system and floral trait differences. There was a correlation between self-compatibility and selfing floral traits in the F2 generation. Self-incompatibility in Tolpis appears to be controlled by a locus of major effect but with modifier loci affecting seed set. Segregation of floral traits indicates that they are controlled by multiple loci. The high molecular similarity between plants with the two breeding systems suggests that divergence of the self-compatible T. coronopifolia from self-incompatible/pseudo-self-compatible ancestors has been recent. The association between breeding system and floral features likely results from pleiotropy or close linkage and may have facilitated the rapid evolution of the morphologically distinct self-compatible T. coronopifolia