Potential Flood-Related Daily Urban Mobility problems in Rio de Janeiro (Brazil)

Unplanned urban expansion merges mobility and flood problems, creating a new challenge to be faced by big cities stakeholders. It is known that transport and mobility activities cause impacts on urban environment. Nevertheless, natural phenomena may also cause impacts on urban mobility. The estimate of the flow of people among traffic regions, together with hydrographic information, support the computation of people affected during flood episodes. Rio de Janeiro State registers the highest urbanization rate in Brazil. Based on origin and destination data, a Google Maps based script was developed to get each travel path. All regions intercepted by local rivers were considered to compute the amount of people directly affected in their mobility. The total number of indirectly affected people is calculated through the routes that intersect each river. The results suggest that Pavuna and Guandu Mirim Rivers should be highly considered by stakeholders to mitigate flood effects on urban mobility in the MRRJ.A estimativa de pessoas que passam por zonas de tráfego, juntamente com informações hidrográficas, serve como base para o estudo de relações entre mobilidade e inundações. A partir de dados de origem e destino, foi desenvolvido um script baseado no Google Maps para obter os caminhos feitos em cada viagem. Para computar a quantidade de pessoas diretamente afetadas na mobilidade, foram selecionadas todas as regiões interceptadas pelos rios. O número total de pessoas indiretamente afetadas foi calculado através da análise de rotas que interceptam os rios, e, com base nesta informação, foram estimadas quantas pessoas têm sua mobilidade potencialmente afetada por inundações em cada rio. Os resultados sugerem que os rios Pavuna e Guandu Mirim devem receber atenção prioritária por tomadores de decisão para mitigar os efeitos de inundações sobre a mobilidade urbana na região metropolitana do Rio de Janeiro

Los probióticos y sus metabolitos en la acuicultura. Una Revisión

Background: Currently, aquaculture produces half of the fish consumed in the world. In Mexico, this activity must tend towards sustainability, favoring that the means of production and the products obtained increase their quality and quantity, diversify and reduce their environmental impact. Objective: Analyze the information regarding the use of probiotics in aquaculture and its current development perspective in Mexico. Methods: The available literature on probiotics in aquacultural processes was compiled, with emphasis on the evaluation of positive effects in production, safety, food safety and sustainability. Results: The information analyzed allows establishing that the resistance of pathogenic microorganisms to antibiotics has become a problem in this activity when it is desired to prevent or treat diseases in cultivated species. In aquaculture, probiotics have shown great benefits, such as stimulating the immune response, increasing the survival of larvae, appetite and disease resistance, improving growth, yield and production and significantly reducing the production of polluting waste. The most commonly used probiotics are lactic acid bacteria and their metabolites such as bacteriocins, however, other genera of bacteria are also used, such as Bacillus and Streptomyces, as well as microalgae and yeasts. Conclusions: In Mexico the research and use of probiotics in aquaculture production processes must be reinforced, since they represent a great social, economic and ecological-environmental potential and the sectors involved must pay special attention to this, given the successful results obtained in other regions of the world.Antecedentes: Actualmente la acuicultura produce la mitad del pescado que se consume en el mundo. En México esta actividad debe de tender a la sustentabilidad, propiciando que los medios de producción y los productos obtenidos incrementen su calidad y cantidad, se diversifiquen y disminuyan su impacto ambiental. Objetivos: Analizar la información referente al uso de probióticos en la acuicultura y su perspectiva actual de desarrollo en México. Métodos: Se compiló la literatura disponible sobre probióticos en procesos acuaculturales, con énfasis en la evaluación de los efectos positivos en la producción, inocuidad, seguridad alimentaria y sustentabilidad. Resultados: La información analizada permite establecer que, la resistencia de los microorganismos patógenos a antibióticos se ha vuelto un problema en esta actividad cuando se desea prevenir o tratar enfermedades en las especies cultivadas. En la acuicultura, los probióticos han demostrado tener grandes beneficios, como estimular la respuesta inmune, incrementar la sobrevivencia de las larvas, el apetito y la resistencia a enfermedades, mejorar el crecimiento, rendimiento y producción y reducir significativamente la producción de residuos contaminantes. Los probióticos más utilizados son las bacterias ácido lácticas y sus metabolitos como las bacteriocinas, sin embargo, también se utilizan otros géneros de bacterias como: Bacillus y Streptomyces, además de microalgas y levaduras. Conclusiones. En México, la investigación y uso de probióticos en procesos de producción acuícola debe reforzarse, ya que representan un gran potencial social, económico y ecológico-ambiental y los sectores involucrados deben de poner especial atención al respecto, dados los resultados exitosos obtenidos en otras regiones del mundo

ANTIHYPERGLYCEMIC, ANTIOXIDANT AND ANTI-INFLAMMATORY EFFECTS OF AQUEOUS EXTRACT OF MISTLETOE (Cladocolea loniceroides) IN STZ-INDUCED DIABETIC MICE

Background: Inhibition of carbohydrate hydrolyzing enzymes, such as α-amylase and α-glucosidase, is a key element in the regulation of diabetes mellitus (DM). The purpose of this work was to study the inhibition of carbohydrate hydrolyzing enzymes, and the antihyperglycemic activity of aqueous extract of Cladocolea (C. loniceroides) in streptozotocin (STZ)- induced diabetic mice. Materials and Methods: The inhibitory activities of C. loniceroides aqueous extract on α-amylase and α-glucosidase were investigated in vitro. Glucose tolerance test was performed in normoglycemic (NG) mice which were fed with starch or sucrose. The effect of mistletoe aqueous extract (ME) was measured in (STZ)-induced diabetic mice. On day 35 of the treatment, the effect of decreasing oxidative stress (lipid peroxidation, glutathione redox state, GPx and GR specific activities, cytokines and aminotransferases analysis) was assessed. Results: ME showed a competitive mode of inhibition for the carbohydrate hydrolyzing enzymes (CHE). The maximum antihyperglycemic activity in mice was observed for the unripe fruit aqueous extract (UFAE) for -amylase and stem aqueous extract (SAE); for -glucosidase due to the glycemic response reduction by 23% or 35%, respectively. UFAE decreased malondialdehyde (MDA) 1.76 times; GSH/GSSG ratio was mantained (3.08 ± 0.66); GPx activity was reduced (24%); IL-6 was reduced (18%) and the concentration of TNF- (37%) was leveled with respect to the (STZ)-induced diabetic mice; ALT and AST (liver transaminases) levels were nearly the same compared with those found in the NG mice. Conclusion: UFAE of C. loniceroides exhibited the highest antidiabetic activity in (STZ)-induced diabetic mice

Remediation of the Alluvial Aquifer of the Sardas Landfill (Sabiñánigo, Huesca) by Surfactant Application

Sardas Landfill at Sabiñánigo Huesca is polluted with Dense Non-Aqueous Liquid Phases (DNAPLs) composed of a complex mixture of chlorinated organic compounds (COCs). This DNAPL was produced as liquid waste from lindane production being dumped decades ago in the unlined landfills close to the lindane factory. This DNAPL migrated by gravity through the subsurface and accumulated in the contact between the alluvial and marls layers (about 15 m b.g.l.). Seven injections of an aqueous emulsion of a biodegradable non-ionic surfactant (E-Mulse 3®) were carried out at the most polluted areas of the Sardas alluvial. Injections were carried out between April and November 2021 using different surfactant concentrations (6.7, 20, 25 and 50 g/L), injection volumes (0.2 to 7 m3) and injection flow rates (0.08–0.85 m3/h). Injected fluids were extracted in the same well or surrounding wells, and the time elapsed between surfactant injection and extraction varied between 24 and 72 h. A total of 22 m3 were injected into the alluvial, and more than double this injected volume was extracted. Injection and extraction points were in the contact between the marls and the alluvial layer. Extracted fluid accumulated in tanks, and phases separated. DNAPL recovered here was mobilized rather than solubilized and managed as toxic waste. The aqueous supernatant was treated in a wastewater treatment plant with physicochemical treatment (including adsorption in activated carbon) before being discharged into the environment. The transport of the injected fluids was monitored by conductivity profiles using bromide (260–538 mg·L−1) as a conservative tracer. High radial dispersion of the injected fluid was found. Surfactant losses by adsorption in the alluvial and absorption in DNAPL were noticed, and both surfactant and contamination did not escape from the capture zone. Monitoring since 2018 of the COCS in groundwater and the DNAPL presence in the contact between alluvial and marls layers showed a significant reduction of COCs in the treated zone with the surfactant injections

Processos éticos do Conselho Regional de Odontologia do Estado do Pará no período de 2007 a 2010

Os profissionais da área odontológica estão cada vez mais sujeitos a processos éticos, sendo indiscutível a necessidade de precaução contra possíveis ações instauradas por pacientes e colegas de profissão. O objetivo deste trabalho foi analisar aspectos quantitativos relacionados aos processos éticos junto ao Conselho Regional de Odontologia Secção Pará (CRO-PA) no período de janeiro de 2007 a dezembro de 2010. A análise dos documentos fornecidos pela instituição (n=67) mostrou que o fator motivador mais frequentemente verificado foi a insatisfação em relação aos resultados obtidos, qualificada como imperícia ou imprudência, com 40,3%, seguido de irregularidade (26,9%), propaganda indevida (19,4%) e constrangimento (7,5%). Esses dados indicam que a população entende que os maus resultados são decorrentes de falta de preparo técnico dos profissionais no exercício da profissão e que existem dentre os cirurgiões-dentistas uma evidente carência de conhecimentos deontológicos sobre publicidade e propaganda. Estes dados indicam que população entende que os maus resultados são decorrentes de falta de preparo técnico dos profissionais no exercício da profissão e que existe dentre os cirurgiões-dentistas, uma evidente carência de conhecimentos deontológicos sobre publicidade e propaganda.With dental health professionals becoming ever more subject to ethical law suits, there is, without question, a need to safeguard against possible accusations of patients and professional colleagues. In this paper, the authors analyze quantitative aspects related to ethical processes in the Regional Council of Dentistry from Pará, Brazil State (CRO-PA) from January 2007 to December 2010. From The documents provided by CRO-PA (n=67) it was possible to observe that malpractice and imprudence were the main issues of complaint (related to acquired results) being 40.3 % of the cases, followed by irregularity (26.9 %), misuse of marketing (19.4 %) and embarrassment (7.5 %). These data showed that the general population understands bad treatment as a result of a lack of professional training and that there is a need for a better preparation when marketing and propaganda are in state. The acquired data suggest that the general population understands bad results as a lack of appropriate technical preparation of the dentists and, there is, among these professionals, a need for more knowledge related to ethics in marketing and advertising

Influence of initial pH of the growing medium on the activity, production and genes expression profiles of laccase of Pleurotus ostreatus in submerged fermentations

Background: Enzymatic activity and laccase isoenzymes number of Pleurotus ostreatus grown in different pH values of the growing medium in submerged fermentation and incubated in buffer solutions of different initial pH values were determined. The expression profiles of five laccase genes (Lacc1, Lacc4, Lacc6, Lacc9 and Lacc10) in these cultures were also studied. Results: The highest laccases activity was obtained in cultures grown at initial pH of 4.5 and the lowest in cultures grown at initial pH of 8.5. Isoenzyme profiles were different in all the cases. Lacc1, Lacc4, Lacc6 and Lacc10 were expressed in all the cultures. Conclusions: The initial pH of the growing medium is an important factor for regulating the expression of laccase genes, having an effect on the activity and on the laccase isoenzymes number produced by P. ostreatus in SmF. This is the first report on the influence of different initial pH values of the growing medium on the laccases activity, laccase isoenzymes number and laccases expression profiles of P. ostreatus grown in submerged fermentation

Microscopy Characterization of Silica-Rich Agrowastes to be used in Cement Binders: Bamboo and Sugarcane Leaves

Agrowastes are produced worldwide in huge quantities and they contain interesting elements for producing inorganic cementing binders, especially silicon. Conversion of agrowastes into ash is an interesting way of yielding raw material used in the manufacture of low-CO2 binders. Silica-rich ashes are preferred for preparing inorganic binders. Sugarcane leaves (Saccharum officinarum, SL) and bamboo leaves (Bambusa vulgaris, BvL and Bambusa gigantea, BgL), and their corresponding ashes (SLA, BvLA, and BgLA), were chosen as case studies. These samples were analyzed by means of optical microscopy, Cryo-scanning electron microscopy (SEM), SEM, and field emission scanning electron microscopy. Spodograms were obtained for BvLA and BgLA, which have high proportions of silicon, but no spodogram was obtained for SLA because of the low silicon content. Different types of phytoliths (specific cells, reservoirs of silica in plants) in the studied leaves were observed. These phytoliths maintained their form after calcination at temperatures in the 350¿850°C range. Owing to the chemical composition of these ashes, they are of interest for use in cements and concrete because of their possible pozzolanic reactivity. However, the presence of significant amounts of K and Cl in the prepared ashes implies a limitation of their applications.The authors thank the Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cientifico e Tecnologico (Projeto CNPq 40174/2013-1) of Brazil for funding the research. The authors thank the Electron Microscopy Service of the Universitat Politecnica de Valencia and Materials Department of Universidade Estadual Paulista at Ilha Solteira.Rosello Caselles, J.; Soriano Martínez, L.; Santamarina Siurana, MP.; Akasaki, JL.; Melges, JLP.; Paya Bernabeu, JJ. (2015). Microscopy Characterization of Silica-Rich Agrowastes to be used in Cement Binders: Bamboo and Sugarcane Leaves. Microscopy and Microanalysis. 21(5):1314-1326. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1431927615015019S13141326215Villar-Cociña, E., Morales, E. V., Santos, S. F., Savastano, H., & Frías, M. (2011). Pozzolanic behavior of bamboo leaf ash: Characterization and determination of the kinetic parameters. Cement and Concrete Composites, 33(1), 68-73. doi:10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2010.09.003Tuck, C. O., Perez, E., Horvath, I. T., Sheldon, R. A., & Poliakoff, M. (2012). Valorization of Biomass: Deriving More Value from Waste. Science, 337(6095), 695-699. doi:10.1126/science.1218930Savastano Jr, H., Santos, S. F., Tonoli, G. H. D., Mejia, J. E. B., & Fiorelli, J. (2015). Non-conventional cement-based composites reinforced with vegetable fibers: A review of strategies to improve durability. Materiales de Construcción, 65(317), e041. doi:10.3989/mc.2015.05514Neethirajan, S., Gordon, R., & Wang, L. (2009). Potential of silica bodies (phytoliths) for nanotechnology. Trends in Biotechnology, 27(8), 461-467. doi:10.1016/j.tibtech.2009.05.002Kameník, J., Mizera, J., & Řanda, Z. (2013). Chemical composition of plant silica phytoliths. Environmental Chemistry Letters, 11(2), 189-195. doi:10.1007/s10311-012-0396-9Madani Hosseini, M., Shao, Y., & Whalen, J. K. (2011). Biocement production from silicon-rich plant residues: Perspectives and future potential in Canada. Biosystems Engineering, 110(4), 351-362. doi:10.1016/j.biosystemseng.2011.09.010GALLEGO, L. (2004). Phytolith Assemblages in Grasses Native to Central Argentina. Annals of Botany, 94(6), 865-874. doi:10.1093/aob/mch214Epstein, E. (1999). SILICON. Annual Review of Plant Physiology and Plant Molecular Biology, 50(1), 641-664. doi:10.1146/annurev.arplant.50.1.641Diamond, S. (1975). A review of alkali-silica reaction and expansion mechanisms 1. Alkalies in cements and in concrete pore solutions. Cement and Concrete Research, 5(4), 329-345. doi:10.1016/0008-8846(75)90089-7Le Blond, J. S., Williamson, B. J., Horwell, C. J., Monro, A. K., Kirk, C. A., & Oppenheimer, C. (2008). Production of potentially hazardous respirable silica airborne particulate from the burning of sugarcane. Atmospheric Environment, 42(22), 5558-5568. doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2008.03.018Diamond, S. (1976). A review of alkali-silica reaction and expansion mechanisms 2. Reactive aggregates. Cement and Concrete Research, 6(4), 549-560. doi:10.1016/0008-8846(76)90083-1Li, B., Song, Z., Wang, H., Li, Z., Jiang, P., & Zhou, G. (2014). Lithological control on phytolith carbon sequestration in moso bamboo forests. Scientific Reports, 4(1). doi:10.1038/srep05262Frías, M., Savastano, H., Villar, E., Sánchez de Rojas, M. I., & Santos, S. (2012). Characterization and properties of blended cement matrices containing activated bamboo leaf wastes. Cement and Concrete Composites, 34(9), 1019-1023. doi:10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2012.05.005Prychid, C. J., Rudall, P. J., & Gregory, M. (2003). Systematics and Biology of Silica Bodies in Monocotyledons. The Botanical Review, 69(4), 377-440. doi:10.1663/0006-8101(2004)069[0377:sabosb]2.0.co;2Nzihou, A. (2010). Toward the Valorization of Waste and Biomass. Waste and Biomass Valorization, 1(1), 3-7. doi:10.1007/s12649-010-9014-xFrías, M., Villar-Cociña, E., & Valencia-Morales, E. (2007). Characterisation of sugar cane straw waste as pozzolanic material for construction: Calcining temperature and kinetic parameters. Waste Management, 27(4), 533-538. doi:10.1016/j.wasman.2006.02.017Ma, J. F., & Yamaji, N. (2006). Silicon uptake and accumulation in higher plants. Trends in Plant Science, 11(8), 392-397. doi:10.1016/j.tplants.2006.06.007Rodrigues, M. S., Beraldo, A. L., Savastano Júnior, H., & Santos, S. F. (2013). Cinza de palha de cana-de-açúcar como adição mineral em fibrocimento. Revista Brasileira de Engenharia Agrícola e Ambiental, 17(12), 1347-1354. doi:10.1590/s1415-43662013001200014Le Blond, J. S., Horwell, C. J., Williamson, B. J., & Oppenheimer, C. (2010). Generation of crystalline silica from sugarcane burning. Journal of Environmental Monitoring, 12(7), 1459. doi:10.1039/c0em00020eTeixeira, S. R., Souza, A. E., Carvalho, C. L., Reynoso, V. C. S., Romero, M., & Rincón, J. M. (2014). Characterization of a wollastonite glass-ceramic material prepared using sugar cane bagasse ash (SCBA) as one of the raw materials. Materials Characterization, 98, 209-214. doi:10.1016/j.matchar.2014.11.003Aprianti, E., Shafigh, P., Bahri, S., & Farahani, J. N. (2015). Supplementary cementitious materials origin from agricultural wastes – A review. Construction and Building Materials, 74, 176-187. doi:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2014.10.010Mohapatra, S., Sakthivel, R., Roy, G. S., Varma, S., Singh, S. K., & Mishra, D. K. (2011). Synthesis of β-SiC Powder from Bamboo Leaf in a DC Extended Thermal Plasma Reactor. 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DIPEPTIDYL PEPTIDASE IV INHIBITORY ACTIVITY OF PROTEIN HYDROLYZATES FROM AMARANTHUS HYPOCHONDRIACUS L. GRAIN AND THEIR INFLUENCE ON POSTPRANDIAL GLYCEMIA IN STREPTOZOTOCIN-INDUCED DIABETIC MICE.

Background: Type 2 diabetes is a chronic metabolic disorder. Recently, dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP-IV) inhibitors that protect incretin hormones from being cleaved by DPP-IV have been used as drugs to control glycemia. This study examined the potential hypoglycemic effect of amaranth grain storage protein hydrolyzates to control postprandial glycemia in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic mice as a model system of diabetes, and their inhibition mode on the enzyme. Material and Methods: Amaranth grain proteins were isolated and hydrolyzed and fractionated by gel filtration. The DPP-IV inhibitory activity of hydrolyzates as well as their kinetic parameters were assessed. Selected hydrolyzates (300 mg/kg body weight) were administered in a single administration-study (SAS) or in the same concentration during a four-week chronic daily dosing study (FWCDDS) in order to observe the effect on postprandial glycemia of diabetic mice. Results: Albumin 1, Globulin and Glutelin hydrolyzates (GluH) competitively inhibited DPP-IV in vitro (Ki= 0.11-5.61 mg/mL). GluH called Glu.III (IC50= 0.12±0.01 mg/mL) considerably inhibited DPP-IV activity. GluH identified as GluH24 improved glucose tolerance significantly (

Idoneidad y validez de herramientas que fomentan el aprendizaje asociativo a partir de exámenes tipo test

Depto. de Salud Pública y Materno - InfantilFac. de MedicinaFALSEsubmitte