Cambiamento comportamentale ed efficienza energetica: progettazione di un kit IoT installabile autonomamente per l’economia idrica domestica

L’acqua è un bene prezioso, fonte di vita per l’essere umano e per l’intero ecosistema. Nonostante risulti ben chiaro che la sua disponibilità non sia infinita, negli ultimi anni è stata registrata una tendenza allo spreco soprattutto in contesto abitativo. Infatti, secondo quanto riportato da Ansa riguardo il rapporto delle Nazioni Unite sulla gestione delle risorse idriche nel mondo, se il consumo di acqua rimane al livello attuale, nel 2025 due terzi dell’umanità vivranno nelle aree del cosiddetto stress idrico. (Ansa, 2021) Dopo aver raccolto questi dati è stato svolto uno studio sul cambiamento comportamentale e il rapporto con l’efficienza energetica, fondamentale per comprendere le abitudini degli utenti a livello dei consumi e fare in modo di mutarle attraverso una “spinta gentile”. Grazie alle ricerche effettuate e ad un questionario relativo alle abitudini degli utenti riguardo l’utilizzo dell’acqua con possibili soluzioni sul risparmio, il concept è stato così definito: la progettazione di un kit IoT installabile in modo autonomo dall’utente per coinvolgerlo nell’economia idrica domestica. Attraverso l’applicazione “Water Trace”,installabile su smartphone, è possibile tenere sotto controllo in tempo reale il consumo giornaliero e confrontare i trend per notare la presenza di miglioramenti o viceversa. Il kit è composto da un misuratore di portata ad ultrasuoni, posizionato nella zona del contatore, e da una serie di mini-sensori di suono installabili sui vari prodotti della casa che forniscono acqua (es. lavandino, doccia, lavastoviglie ecc..). Dato che il misuratore di portata (o flussimetro) rileva il consumo generale di acqua, il ruolo dei singoli sensori è quello di individuare in quale area della casa è avvenuto il consumo, in modo da suddividere la portata totale per ogni elemento specifico. L’intelligenza artificiale con il tempo è in grado di apprendere l’intensità del rumore e di abbinarla al prodotto

Preparation of Glycerol Carbonate Esters by using Hybrid Nafion-Silica Catalyst

Glycerol carbonate esters (GCEs), which are valuable biomass-deriv. compds., have been prepd. through the direct esterification of glycerol carbonate and long org. acids with different chain lengths, in the absence of solvent, and with heterogeneous catalysts, including acidic-org. resins, zeolites, and hybrid org.-inorg. acids. The best results, in terms of activity and selectivity towards GCEs, were obtained using a Nafion-silica composite. A full reaction scheme has been established, and it has been demonstrated that an undesired competing reaction results in the generation of glycerol and esters derived from a secondary hydrolysis of the endocyclic ester group, which is attributed to water formed during the esterification reaction. The influence of temp., substrate ratio, catalyst-to-substrate ratio, and the use of solvent has been studied and, under optimized reaction conditions and with the adequate catalyst, it was possible to achieve 95 % selectivity for the desired product at 98 % conversion. It was demonstrated that the reaction rate decreased as the no. of carbon atoms in the linear alkyl chain of the carboxylic acid increased for both p-toluenesulfonic acid and Nafion-silica nanocomposite (Nafion SAC-13) catalysts. After fitting the exptl. data to a mechanistically based kinetic model, the reaction kinetic parameters for Nafion SAC-13 catalysis were detd. and compared for reactions involving different carboxylic acids. A kinetic study showed that the reduced reactivity of carboxylic acids with increasing chain lengths could be explained by inductive as well as steric effects.The authors wish to acknowledge the Spanish Science and Innovation Ministry (Consolider Ingenio 2010, CTQ-2011-27550 and MULTICAT CSD2009-00050 projects) and the Generalitat Valenciana (Prometeo program) for their financial support. S.M. thanks the Ministerio de Educacion for a FPI fellowship.Climent Olmedo, MJ.; Corma Canós, A.; Iborra Chornet, S.; Martínez Silvestre, S.; Velty ., A. (2013). Preparation of Glycerol Carbonate Esters by using Hybrid Nafion-Silica Catalyst. ChemSusChem. 6(7):1224-1234. doi:10.1002/cssc.201300146S1224123467BUDRONI, G., & CORMA, A. (2008). Gold and gold–platinum as active and selective catalyst for biomass conversion: Synthesis of γ-butyrolactone and one-pot synthesis of pyrrolidone. Journal of Catalysis, 257(2), 403-408. doi:10.1016/j.jcat.2008.05.031Climent, M. J., Corma, A., & Iborra, S. (2011). Converting carbohydrates to bulk chemicals and fine chemicals over heterogeneous catalysts. Green Chemistry, 13(3), 520. doi:10.1039/c0gc00639dCorma, A., Iborra, S., & Velty, A. (2007). Chemical Routes for the Transformation of Biomass into Chemicals. Chemical Reviews, 107(6), 2411-2502. doi:10.1021/cr050989dMäki‐Arvela, P., Holmbom, B., Salmi, T., & Murzin, D. Y. (2007). Recent Progress in Synthesis of Fine and Specialty Chemicals from Wood and Other Biomass by Heterogeneous Catalytic Processes. Catalysis Reviews, 49(3), 197-340. doi:10.1080/01614940701313127Arias, K. S., Al-Resayes, S. I., Climent, M. J., Corma, A., & Iborra, S. (2013). From Biomass to Chemicals: Synthesis of Precursors of Biodegradable Surfactants from 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural. ChemSusChem, 6(1), 123-131. doi:10.1002/cssc.201200513Biodiesel Production 2004Vicente, G., Martı́nez, M., & Aracil, J. (2004). Integrated biodiesel production: a comparison of different homogeneous catalysts systems. Bioresource Technology, 92(3), 297-305. doi:10.1016/j.biortech.2003.08.014Behr, A., Eilting, J., Irawadi, K., Leschinski, J., & Lindner, F. (2008). Improved utilisation of renewable resources: New important derivatives of glycerol. Green Chem., 10(1), 13-30. doi:10.1039/b710561dPagliaro, M., Ciriminna, R., Kimura, H., Rossi, M., & Della Pina, C. (2007). Von Glycerin zu höherwertigen Produkten. Angewandte Chemie, 119(24), 4516-4522. doi:10.1002/ange.200604694Pagliaro, M., Ciriminna, R., Kimura, H., Rossi, M., & Della Pina, C. (2007). From Glycerol to Value-Added Products. Angewandte Chemie International Edition, 46(24), 4434-4440. doi:10.1002/anie.200604694Climent, M. J., Corma, A., De Frutos, P., Iborra, S., Noy, M., Velty, A., & Concepción, P. (2010). Chemicals from biomass: Synthesis of glycerol carbonate by transesterification and carbonylation with urea with hydrotalcite catalysts. The role of acid–base pairs. 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Continuous-Flow O-Alkylation of Biobased Derivatives with Dialkyl Carbonates in the Presence of Magnesium-Aluminium Hydrotalcites as Catalyst Precursors

The base-catalysed reactions of OH-bearing biobased derivatives (BBDs) including glycerol formal, solketal, glycerol carbonate, furfuryl alcohol and tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol with nontoxic dialkyl carbonates (dimethyl and diethyl carbonate) were explored under continuous-flow (CF) conditions in the presence of three Na-exchanged Y- and X-faujasites (FAUs) and four Mg\u2013Al hydrotalcites (HTs). Compared to previous etherification protocols mediated by dialkyl carbonates, the reported procedure offers substantial improvements not only in terms of (chemo)selectivity but also for the recyclability of the catalysts, workup, ease of product purification and, importantly, process intensification. Characterisation studies proved that both HT30 and KW2000 hydrotalcites acted as catalyst precursors: during the thermal activation pre-treatments, the typical lamellar structure of the hydrotalcite was broken down gradually into a MgO-like phase (periclase) or rather a magnesia\u2013alumina solid solution, which was the genuine catalytic phase

Biobased non-isocyanate urethanized alkyd resins with non-oxidative crosslinking mechanism

Les résines alkydes sont les principaux liants des peintures et vernis modernes. Ces polymères sont obtenus par polycondensation de polyacides, polyols, acides gras et monoacides. L’engouement croissant pour le développement durable pousse à la transition de produits pétrosourcés vers des produits biosourcés, à coûts et performances similaires. Pour les alkydes qui utilisent déjà en partie des matières premières renouvelables (acides gras, polyols), le challenge consiste à substituer les composants pétrosourcés restants tels que les dérivés phtaliques et benzoïques. Après un état de l’art sur les alkydes, nous avons étudié les implications liées à la substitution de ces dérivés. Plusieurs résines alkydes biosourcées furent synthétisées et caractérisées par des mesures physico-chimiques (SEC, DSC, rhéomètre). Les peintures alkydes conventionnelles sèchent chimiquement par un mécanisme oxydatif qui requiert des sels de cobalt pour advenir en moins de 6 h. A cause de leur toxicité, ces sels sont sous pression par REACH. Nous avons proposé un mécanisme alternatif de réticulation non-oxydatif basé sur la réaction entre les groupes 2-oxo-1,3-dioxolane (ODO) et les amines primaires. La réaction modèle entre le carbonate de glycérol et l’éthylenediamine nous a permis de comprendre la viabilité de ce mécanisme de réticulation. La création de groupes ODO a d’abord été étudiée sur des huiles végétales afin de déterminer les conditions optimales et confirmer les possibles réactions d’oligomérisation. Des alkydes portant ces groupes ODO ont pu être synthétisées et caractérisées, puis converties en résines alkydes uréthanisées sans isocyanate par réaction avec des diamines.Alkyd resins are the major binders used in surface coatings today. They are obtained by polycondensation of polybasic acids, polyols, fatty acids and monobasic acids. The raising sustainability awareness is pressuring for the transition from petrobased to biobased products with equivalent costs and performances. While conventional alkyd resins have high content in renewable raw materials such as fatty acids and polyols, replacement of petrobased raw materials such as phthalate and benzoic derivatives remained a challenge. After reviewing the current state-of-the-art regarding conventional alkyd resins, we focused on understanding the specific issues related to the synthesis of biobased alkyd resins. Several biobased alkyd resins were synthesized and characterized using techniques such as SEC, DSC and rheometer. Conventional alkyd paints chemically dry through an oxidative mechanism, which requires cobalt salts to occur in less than 6 h. These salts are under the scope of REACH because of their toxicity. As a possible alternative, we proposed a non-oxidative crosslinking mechanism based on the reaction of 2-oxo-1,3-dioxolane (ODO) groups and primary amines. This crosslinking mechanism was first studied with the model reaction between glycerol carbonate and ethylenediamine. The functionalization of ODO groups on vegetable oils was then studied as model molecule of alkyd resins, enabling the determination of optimal reaction conditions and that oligomerization occurs as a side reaction. Alkyd resins bearing ODO groups were then synthesized and characterized, then converted into non-isocyanate urethanized alkyd resins by reaction with diamines

Biobased non-isocyanate urethanized alkyd resins with non-oxidative crosslinking mechanism

Les résines alkydes sont les principaux liants des peintures et vernis modernes. Ces polymères sont obtenus par polycondensation de polyacides, polyols, acides gras et monoacides. L engouement croissant pour le développement durable pousse à la transition de produits pétrosourcés vers des produits biosourcés, à coûts et performances similaires. Pour les alkydes qui utilisent déjà en partie des matières premières renouvelables (acides gras, polyols), le challenge consiste à substituer les composants pétrosourcés restants tels que les dérivés phtaliques et benzoïques. Après un état de l art sur les alkydes, nous avons étudié les implications liées à la substitution de ces dérivés. Plusieurs résines alkydes biosourcées furent synthétisées et caractérisées par des mesures physico-chimiques (SEC, DSC, rhéomètre). Les peintures alkydes conventionnelles sèchent chimiquement par un mécanisme oxydatif qui requiert des sels de cobalt pour advenir en moins de 6 h. A cause de leur toxicité, ces sels sont sous pression par REACH. Nous avons proposé un mécanisme alternatif de réticulation non-oxydatif basé sur la réaction entre les groupes 2-oxo-1,3-dioxolane (ODO) et les amines primaires. La réaction modèle entre le carbonate de glycérol et l éthylenediamine nous a permis de comprendre la viabilité de ce mécanisme de réticulation. La création de groupes ODO a d abord été étudiée sur des huiles végétales afin de déterminer les conditions optimales et confirmer les possibles réactions d oligomérisation. Des alkydes portant ces groupes ODO ont pu être synthétisées et caractérisées, puis converties en résines alkydes uréthanisées sans isocyanate par réaction avec des diamines.Alkyd resins are the major binders used in surface coatings today. They are obtained by polycondensation of polybasic acids, polyols, fatty acids and monobasic acids. The raising sustainability awareness is pressuring for the transition from petrobased to biobased products with equivalent costs and performances. While conventional alkyd resins have high content in renewable raw materials such as fatty acids and polyols, replacement of petrobased raw materials such as phthalate and benzoic derivatives remained a challenge. After reviewing the current state-of-the-art regarding conventional alkyd resins, we focused on understanding the specific issues related to the synthesis of biobased alkyd resins. Several biobased alkyd resins were synthesized and characterized using techniques such as SEC, DSC and rheometer. Conventional alkyd paints chemically dry through an oxidative mechanism, which requires cobalt salts to occur in less than 6 h. These salts are under the scope of REACH because of their toxicity. As a possible alternative, we proposed a non-oxidative crosslinking mechanism based on the reaction of 2-oxo-1,3-dioxolane (ODO) groups and primary amines. This crosslinking mechanism was first studied with the model reaction between glycerol carbonate and ethylenediamine. The functionalization of ODO groups on vegetable oils was then studied as model molecule of alkyd resins, enabling the determination of optimal reaction conditions and that oligomerization occurs as a side reaction. Alkyd resins bearing ODO groups were then synthesized and characterized, then converted into non-isocyanate urethanized alkyd resins by reaction with diamines.NICE-Bibliotheque electronique (060889901) / SudocSudocFranceF