Antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of porcine respiratory bacteria in Spain

The monitoring of antimicrobial susceptibility of pig pathogens is critical to optimize antimicrobial treatments and prevent development of resistance with a one-health approach. The aim of this study was to investigate the antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of swine respiratory pathogens in Spain from 2017 to 2019. Bacterial isolation and identification were carried out following standardized methods from samples coming from sacrificed or recently deceased pigs with acute clinical signs compatible with respiratory tract infections. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values were determined using the broth microdilution method containing a total of 10 and 7-8 antimicrobials/concentrations respectively, in accordance with the recommendations presented by the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI). The obtained antimicrobial susceptibility varies between pig respiratory pathogens. Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae (APP) and Pasteurella multocida (PM) were highly susceptible (≥90%) to ceftiofur, florfenicol and macrolides (tilmicosin, tildipirosin and tulathromycin). However, the antimicrobial susceptibility was intermediate (>60% but <90%) for amoxicillin and enrofloxacin in the case of APP and sulfamethoxazole/trimethropim and tiamulin in the case of PM. Both bacteria showed low (<60%) antimicrobial susceptibility to doxycycline. Finally, Bordetella bronchiseptica was highly susceptible only to tildipirosin and tulathromycin (100%) and its susceptibility for florfenicol was close to 50% and <30% for the rest of the antimicrobial families tested. These results emphasize the need of determining antimicrobial susceptibility in pig respiratory cases in order to optimize the antimicrobial treatment in a case-by-case scenario

Antimicrobial Susceptibility Pattern of Porcine Respiratory Bacteria in Spain

[EN] The monitoring of antimicrobial susceptibility of pig pathogens is critical to optimize antimicrobial treatments and prevent development of resistance with a one-health approach. The aim of this study was to investigate the antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of swine respiratory pathogens in Spain from 2017 to 2019. Bacterial isolation and identification were carried out following standardized methods from samples coming from sacrificed or recently deceased pigs with acute clinical signs compatible with respiratory tract infections. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values were determined using the broth microdilution method containing a total of 10 and 7–8 antimicrobials/concentrations respectively, in accordance with the recommendations presented by the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI). The obtained antimicrobial susceptibility varies between pig respiratory pathogens. Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae (APP) and Pasteurella multocida (PM) were highly susceptible (≥90%) to ceftiofur, florfenicol and macrolides (tilmicosin, tildipirosin and tulathromycin). However, the antimicrobial susceptibility was intermediate (>60% but <90%) for amoxicillin and enrofloxacin in the case of APP and sulfamethoxazole/trimethropim and tiamulin in the case of PM. Both bacteria showed low (<60%) antimicrobial susceptibility to doxycycline. Finally, Bordetella bronchiseptica was highly susceptible only to tildipirosin and tulathromycin (100%) and its susceptibility for florfenicol was close to 50% and <30% for the rest of the antimicrobial families tested. These results emphasize the need of determining antimicrobial susceptibility in pig respiratory cases in order to optimize the antimicrobial treatment in a case-by-case scenarioSIThis research received no external fundin

Antimicrobial Resistance Genes in Porcine Pasteurella multocida Are Not Associated with Its Antimicrobial Susceptibility Pattern

Forty-eight Pasteurella multocida isolates were recovered from porcine pneumonic lungs collected from farms in "Castilla y León" (north-western Spain) in 2017-2019. These isolates were characterized for their minimal inhibition concentrations to twelve antimicrobial agents and for the appearance of eight resistance genes: tetA, tetB, blaROB1, blaTEM, ermA, ermC, mphE and msrE. Relevant resistance percentages were shown against tetracyclines (52.1% for doxycycline, 68.7% for oxytetracycline), sulphamethoxazole/trimethoprim (43.7%) and tiamulin (25.0%), thus suggesting that P. multocida isolates were mostly susceptible to amoxicillin, ceftiofur, enrofloxacin, florfenicol, marbofloxacin and macrolides. Overall, 29.2% of isolates were resistant to more than two antimicrobials. The tetracycline resistance genes (tetA and tetB) were detected in 22.9% of the isolates, but none were positive to both simultaneously; blaROB1 and blaTEM genes were found in one third of isolates but both genes were detected simultaneously in only one isolate. The ermC gene was observed in 41.7% of isolates, a percentage that decreased to 22.9% for msrE; finally, ermA was harbored by 16.7% and mphE was not found in any of them. Six clusters were established based on hierarchical clustering analysis on antimicrobial susceptibility for the twelve antimicrobials. Generally, it was unable to foresee the antimicrobial susceptibility pattern for each family and the association of each particular isolate inside the clusters established from the presence or absence of the resistance genes analyzed.Junta de Castilla y León (Consejería de Agricultura y Ganadería, Junta de Castilla y León, Spain) and Cost Action CA18217 (European Network for Optimization of Veterinary Antimicrobial Treatment)

Study of the activation mechanisms of a nanostructured Ag/TiO₂/SiO₂ catalyst into a non-thermal plasma during the decomposition of a model VOC : acetaldehyde

Ce travail de thèse s’intéresse aux phénomènes de surface ayant lieu lorsque l’on combine un procédé en phase homogène – contrôlé par la chimie d’un plasma non-thermique – et un procédé en phase hétérogène – contrôlé par la chimie ayant lieu à la surface d’un matériau nanostructuré Ag/TiO₂/SiO₂ – lors de la dégradation de l’acétaldéhyde, CH₃CHO.Il a été montré que le procédé diphasique permet de convertir 100 % de l’acétaldéhyde à traiter avec une SIE de 168 J.L-1 (soit une puissance de 280 mW). Dans ces conditions, CH₃CHO est converti en COx à plus de 60 %. Une telle efficacité n’est pas atteinte avec les procédés en phase homogène et en phase hétérogène seuls. Les processus se déroulant au sein du procédé diphasique mènent donc à une dégradation de CH₃CHO autrement meilleure que l’ensemble des cinétiques mises en oeuvre lors de l’utilisation des deux procédés seuls.Afin de comprendre quels processus physico-chimiques permettent d’obtenir un tel effet de synergie, l’étude de l’interaction acétaldéhyde/surface a été initiée, par spectroscopie infrarouge à réflexion diffuse (DRIFTS), et constitue le coeur de ce travail de thèse. Une attention particulière a été portée à l’étude des modes d’adsorption de l’acétaldéhyde sur Ag/TiO₂/SiO₂ en absence de plasma. Puis, l’effet de l’apport d’une source thermique et d’une espèce à fort pouvoir oxydant (l’ozone) sur l’acétaldéhyde présent en phase adsorbé a été évalué.This thesis investigates the surface phenomena which occur when combining a homogeneous phase process – governed by the chemistry of a non-thermal plasma – and a heterogeneous phase process – controlled by the chemistry taking place on the surface of a nanostructured Ag/TiO₂/SiO₂ material – during acetaldehyde (CH₃CHO) removal.It has been shown that acetaldehyde can be removed up to 100 % with a 168 J.L-1 SIE consumption, by using the diphasic process. In these conditions, CH₃CHO is converted into 60 % of COx. Such efficiency is not achieved when using the homogeneous and heterogeneous phase processes alone. Thus, the physico-chemical phenomena occurring in the diphasic process allow a higher CH₃CHO removal compared to the whole kinetics involved in the homogeneous and heterogeneous phase processes alone. So as to understand which physico-chemical processes are involved in this synergistic effect, the study of the acetaldehyde/surface interaction has been started, by Diffuse-Reflectance Infrared Fourier Transform Spectroscopy (DRIFTS), in this thesis. The acetaldehyde adsorption modes on the Ag/TiO₂/SiO₂ surface, without plasma, have been pointed out. Moreover, the effect of bringing a thermal energy source or an oxidizing species (like ozone) on adsorbed acetaldehyde has been evaluated

Etude des mécanismes d’activation d’un catalyseur nanostructuré Ag/TiO₂/SiO₂ dans un environnement plasma lors de la décomposition d’un COV modèle : l'acétaldéhyde

This thesis investigates the surface phenomena which occur when combining a homogeneous phase process – governed by the chemistry of a non-thermal plasma – and a heterogeneous phase process – controlled by the chemistry taking place on the surface of a nanostructured Ag/TiO₂/SiO₂ material – during acetaldehyde (CH₃CHO) removal.It has been shown that acetaldehyde can be removed up to 100 % with a 168 J.L-1 SIE consumption, by using the diphasic process. In these conditions, CH₃CHO is converted into 60 % of COx. Such efficiency is not achieved when using the homogeneous and heterogeneous phase processes alone. Thus, the physico-chemical phenomena occurring in the diphasic process allow a higher CH₃CHO removal compared to the whole kinetics involved in the homogeneous and heterogeneous phase processes alone. So as to understand which physico-chemical processes are involved in this synergistic effect, the study of the acetaldehyde/surface interaction has been started, by Diffuse-Reflectance Infrared Fourier Transform Spectroscopy (DRIFTS), in this thesis. The acetaldehyde adsorption modes on the Ag/TiO₂/SiO₂ surface, without plasma, have been pointed out. Moreover, the effect of bringing a thermal energy source or an oxidizing species (like ozone) on adsorbed acetaldehyde has been evaluated.Ce travail de thèse s’intéresse aux phénomènes de surface ayant lieu lorsque l’on combine un procédé en phase homogène – contrôlé par la chimie d’un plasma non-thermique – et un procédé en phase hétérogène – contrôlé par la chimie ayant lieu à la surface d’un matériau nanostructuré Ag/TiO₂/SiO₂ – lors de la dégradation de l’acétaldéhyde, CH₃CHO.Il a été montré que le procédé diphasique permet de convertir 100 % de l’acétaldéhyde à traiter avec une SIE de 168 J.L-1 (soit une puissance de 280 mW). Dans ces conditions, CH₃CHO est converti en COx à plus de 60 %. Une telle efficacité n’est pas atteinte avec les procédés en phase homogène et en phase hétérogène seuls. Les processus se déroulant au sein du procédé diphasique mènent donc à une dégradation de CH₃CHO autrement meilleure que l’ensemble des cinétiques mises en oeuvre lors de l’utilisation des deux procédés seuls.Afin de comprendre quels processus physico-chimiques permettent d’obtenir un tel effet de synergie, l’étude de l’interaction acétaldéhyde/surface a été initiée, par spectroscopie infrarouge à réflexion diffuse (DRIFTS), et constitue le coeur de ce travail de thèse. Une attention particulière a été portée à l’étude des modes d’adsorption de l’acétaldéhyde sur Ag/TiO₂/SiO₂ en absence de plasma. Puis, l’effet de l’apport d’une source thermique et d’une espèce à fort pouvoir oxydant (l’ozone) sur l’acétaldéhyde présent en phase adsorbé a été évalué

New insights in understanding plasma-catalysis reaction pathways: study of the catalytic ozonation of an acetaldehyde saturated Ag/TiO

This paper is a preliminary study intended to straighten out the role of reactive oxygen species in the activation mechanisms occurring in a plasma driven catalysis process for acetaldehyde decomposition. For this purpose, the interaction between the surface, the pollutant and one of the main oxidative species generated by non-thermal plasma, namely ozone, was studied. Acetaldehyde catalytic ozonation over a nanostructured Ag/TiO2/SiO2 catalyst is carried out at room temperature and atmospheric pressure, and followed by diffuse reflectance infrared fourier transform spectroscopy (DRIFTS). For this, the catalyst is firstly saturated with acetaldehyde. At the end of the saturation, acetaldehyde and crotonaldehyde, its condensation product, are identified as the major adsorbed species. In a second step, the surface ozonation is carried out and three additional intermediates are identified, namely, acetone, formic acid and acetic acid. Gaseous CO, CO2, methyl formate and methyl acetate are detected at the DRIFTS outlet, evidencing the partial mineralization of the adsorbed species. A global reaction scheme is proposed for explaining the formation of those adsorbed intermediates and gaseous products. This proposed heterogeneous ozone induced chemistry has to be taken into account when associating non-thermal plasma in air to a catalyst

Clinical, Virological and Immunological Subphenotypes in a Cohort of Early Treated HIV-Infected Children

Background Identifying subphenotypes within heterogeneous diseases may have an impact in terms of therapeutic options. In this study, we aim to assess different subphenotypes in children living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1), according to the clinical, virological, and immunological characteristics. Methods We collected clinical and sociodemographic data, baseline viral load (VL), CD4 and CD8 count and percentage, age at initiation of ART, HIV DNA reservoir size in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), cell-associated RNA (CA-RNA), ultrasensitive VL, CD4 subsets (T effector CD25+, activated memory cells, Treg cells), humoral-specific HIV response (T-bet B cells), innate response (CD56dim natural killer (NK) cells, NKp46+, perforin), exhaustion markers (PD-1, PD-L1, DNAM), CD8 senescence, and biomarkers for T-lymphocyte thymic output (TREC) and endothelial activation (VCAM). The most informative variables were selected using an unsupervised lasso-type penalty selection for sparse clustering. Hierarchical clustering was performed using Pearson correlation as the distance metric and WARD.D2 as the clustering method. Internal validation was applied to select the best number of clusters. To compare the characteristics among clusters, boxplot and Kruskal Wallis test were assessed. Results Three subphenotypes were discovered (cluster1: n=18, 45%; cluster2: n=11, 27.5%; cluster3: n=11, 27.5%). Patients in cluster1 were treated earlier, had higher baseline %CD4, low HIV reservoir size, low western blot score, higher TREC values, and lower VCAM values than the patients in the other clusters. In contrast, cluster3 was the less favorable. Patients were treated later and presented poorer outcomes with lower %CD4, and higher reservoir size, along with a higher percentage of CD8 immunosenescent cells, lower TREC, higher VCAM cytokine, and a higher %CD4 PD-1. Cluster2 was intermediate. Patients were like those of cluster1, but had lower levels of t-bet expression and higher HIV DNA reservoir size. Conclusions Three HIV pediatric subphenotypes with different virological and immunological features were identified. The most favorable cluster was characterized by a higher rate of immune reconstitution and a slower disease progression, and the less favorable with more senescence and high reservoir size. In the near future therapeutic interventions for a path of a cure might be guided or supported by the different subphenotypes

Distinct cytokine profiles associated with COVID-19 severity and mortality

BACKGROUND: Markedly elevated levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines and defective type-I interferon responses were reported in COVID-19 patients. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to determine whether particular cytokine profiles are associated with COVID-19 severity and mortality. METHODS: Cytokine concentrations and SARS-CoV-2 antigen were measured at hospital admission in serum of symptomatic COVID-19 patients (N=115), classified at hospitalization into three respiratory severity groups: no need for mechanical ventilatory support (No-MVS), intermediate severity requiring mechanical ventilatory support (MVS) and critical severity requiring extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO). Principal component analysis was used to characterize cytokine profiles associated with severity and mortality. The results were thereafter confirmed in an independent validation cohort (N=86). RESULTS: At time of hospitalization, ECMO patients presented a dominant pro-inflammatory response with elevated levels of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin (IL)-6, IL-8 and IL-10. In contrast, an elevated type-I interferon response involving IFN-α and IFN-β was characteristic of No-MVS patients, whereas MVS patients exhibited both profiles. Mortality at one month was associated with higher levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines in ECMO patients, higher levels of type-I interferons in No-MVS patients and their combination in MVS patients, resulting in a combined mortality prediction accuracy of 88.5% (Risk Ratio 24.3, p&lt;0.0001). SARS-CoV-2 antigen levels correlated with type-I interferon levels and were associated with mortality, but not with pro-inflammatory response or severity. CONCLUSION: Distinct cytokine profiles are observed in association with COVID-19 severity and are differentially predictive of mortality according to oxygen support modalities. These results warrant personalized treatment of COVID-19 patients based on cytokine profiling