A framework for modeling the cathode fall illustrated with a single beam model

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A self-consistent kinetic plasma model with rapid convergence

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Characterization of Wear Modes in Ion-Implanted Steel from Auger Measurements

Auger spectra and depth profiles are reported from nitrogen-implanted steel samples that have been worn for various times on a Falex lubricant tester modified for use as a wear tester. The effect of the nitrogen implantations is to decrease the wear rate by about an order of magnitude. The Auger results reveal details of how the nitrogen is worn away at various times and at various depths. A major finding is that the nitrogen is worn away in about 3 h; however, the much improved wear conditions remain unchanged for at least 15 h