Impact of smoking on gingival inflammation in representative samples of three South American cities

The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of smoking on gingival inflammation in a representative sample of 1,650 adults from Santiago (Chile), Porto Alegre (Brazil), and Tucumán (Argentina). A questionnaire was administered to participants to gather demographic and behavioral characteristics, including smoking habits. The participants were clinically examined to obtain gingival index (GI), gingival bleeding index (GBI), visible plaque index (VPI), and calculus presence values. Gingival inflammation was defined as a mean GI > 0.5. Heavy smokers presented significantly lower levels of gingival inflammation, as reflected by both GI and GBI, than both light and moderate smokers, despite their having increased amounts of plaque and calculus. Being 50 years old or older [odds ratio (OR), 1.93], a VPI ≥ 30% (OR, 28.1), and self-reported diabetes (OR, 2.79) were positively associated with detection of gingival inflammation. In conclusion, the occurrence of clinically detectable gingival inflammation was lower in heavy smokers than light and moderate smokers. Older age, diabetes, and visible plaque emerged as risk indicators of gingivitis. Plaque and gingival indices are significantly associated regardless of the smoking status

A multicenter study of oral health behavior among adult subjects from three South American cities

The aims of this study were to describe the self-reported oral hygiene habits, dental visit frequency, and gingival bleeding perception in adult populations from three South American cities, and also to assess the association of these variables with sociodemographic data and with the clinical presence of plaque and gingival inflammation. Five-hundred and fifty adult subjects from each city (Porto Alegre, Brazil; Tucumán, Argentina; Santiago, Chile) received full mouth examinations to determine visible plaque and gingival index. A structured questionnaire on demographics, habits, attitudes and knowledge of oral health was also administered. The data were analyzed according to dental visit frequency, toothbrushing frequency, interproximal tooth cleaning frequency, subjects’ perception of gum bleeding, and proportion of subject sites with VP and bleeding sites. Analysis of the association among the variables was performed using either a chi-square test or Fischer's exact test. Toothbrushing twice a day or more was reported by 84.2% of the subjects, but only 17.7% reported daily interdental cleaning, and 60.2% reported visiting a dental clinic only in an emergency. Only 2.97% had no bleeding sites, whereas 33.7% had 50% or more bleeding sites. Regular interdental self-cleaning and a dental visit every 3-6 months was associated with less plaque and less gingival bleeding. More than 12 years of education was associated with healthier habits, less bleeding and plaque scores. In conclusion, the oral health behavior of South American adult subjects from these cities is below the international recommendations, especially in relation to interdental cleaning and regular dental visits

Cell migration and antigen capture are antagonistic processes coupled by myosin II in dendritic cells

The immune response relies on the migration of leukocytes and on their ability to stop in precise anatomical locations to fulfil their task. How leukocyte migration and function are coordinated is unknown. Here we show that in immature dendritic cells, which patrol their environment by engulfing extracellular material, cell migration and antigen capture are antagonistic. This antagonism results from transient enrichment of myosin IIA at the cell front, which disrupts the back-to-front gradient of the motor protein, slowing down locomotion but promoting antigen capture. We further highlight that myosin IIA enrichment at the cell front requires the MHC class II-associated invariant chain (Ii). Thus, by controlling myosin IIA localization, Ii imposes on dendritic cells an intermittent antigen capture behaviour that might facilitate environment patrolling. We propose that the requirement for myosin II in both cell migration and specific cell functions may provide a general mechanism for their coordination in time and space

DenseNet and Support Vector Machine classifications of major depressive disorder using vertex-wise cortical features

Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a complex psychiatric disorder that affects the lives of hundreds of millions of individuals around the globe. Even today, researchers debate if morphological alterations in the brain are linked to MDD, likely due to the heterogeneity of this disorder. The application of deep learning tools to neuroimaging data, capable of capturing complex non-linear patterns, has the potential to provide diagnostic and predictive biomarkers for MDD. However, previous attempts to demarcate MDD patients and healthy controls (HC) based on segmented cortical features via linear machine learning approaches have reported low accuracies. In this study, we used globally representative data from the ENIGMA-MDD working group containing an extensive sample of people with MDD (N=2,772) and HC (N=4,240), which allows a comprehensive analysis with generalizable results. Based on the hypothesis that integration of vertex-wise cortical features can improve classification performance, we evaluated the classification of a DenseNet and a Support Vector Machine (SVM), with the expectation that the former would outperform the latter. As we analyzed a multi-site sample, we additionally applied the ComBat harmonization tool to remove potential nuisance effects of site. We found that both classifiers exhibited close to chance performance (balanced accuracy DenseNet: 51%; SVM: 53%), when estimated on unseen sites. Slightly higher classification performance (balanced accuracy DenseNet: 58%; SVM: 55%) was found when the cross-validation folds contained subjects from all sites, indicating site effect. In conclusion, the integration of vertex-wise morphometric features and the use of the non-linear classifier did not lead to the differentiability between MDD and HC. Our results support the notion that MDD classification on this combination of features and classifiers is unfeasible

Large scale multifactorial likelihood quantitative analysis of BRCA1 and BRCA2 variants: An ENIGMA resource to support clinical variant classification

The multifactorial likelihood analysis method has demonstrated utility for quantitative assessment of variant pathogenicity for multiple cancer syndrome genes. Independent data types currently incorporated in the model for assessing BRCA1 and BRCA2 variants include clinically calibrated prior probability of pathogenicity based on variant location and bioinformatic prediction of variant effect, co-segregation, family cancer history profile, co-occurrence with a pathogenic variant in the same gene, breast tumor pathology, and case-control information. Research and clinical data for multifactorial likelihood analysis were collated for 1,395 BRCA1/2 predominantly intronic and missense variants, enabling classification based on posterior probability of pathogenicity for 734 variants: 447 variants were classified as (likely) benign, and 94 as (likely) pathogenic; and 248 classifications were new or considerably altered relative to ClinVar submissions. Classifications were compared with information not yet included in the likelihood model, and evidence strengths aligned to those recommended for ACMG/AMP classification codes. Altered mRNA splicing or function relative to known nonpathogenic variant controls were moderately to strongly predictive of variant pathogenicity. Variant absence in population datasets provided supporting evidence for variant pathogenicity. These findings have direct relevance for BRCA1 and BRCA2 variant evaluation, and justify the need for gene-specific calibration of evidence types used for variant classification

Large scale multifactorial likelihood quantitative analysis of BRCA1 and BRCA2 variants: An ENIGMA resource to support clinical variant classification

Abstract The multifactorial likelihood analysis method has demonstrated utility for quantitative assessment of variant pathogenicity for multiple cancer syndrome genes. Independent data types currently incorporated in the model for assessing BRCA1 and BRCA2 variants include clinically calibrated prior probability of pathogenicity based on variant location and bioinformatic prediction of variant effect, co-segregation, family cancer history profile, co-occurrence with a pathogenic variant in the same gene, breast tumor pathology, and case-control information. Research and clinical data for multifactorial likelihood analysis were collated for 1395 BRCA1/2 predominantly intronic and missense variants, enabling classification based on posterior probability of pathogenicity for 734 variants: 447 variants were classified as (likely) benign, and 94 as (likely) pathogenic; 248 classifications were new or considerably altered relative to ClinVar submissions. Classifications were compared to information not yet included in the likelihood model, and evidence strengths aligned to those recommended for ACMG/AMP classification codes. Altered mRNA splicing or function relative to known non-pathogenic variant controls were moderately to strongly predictive of variant pathogenicity. Variant absence in population datasets provided supporting evidence for variant pathogenicity. These findings have direct relevance for BRCA1 and BRCA2 variant evaluation, and justify the need for gene-specific calibration of evidence types used for variant classification. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.Peer reviewe

Le récepteur IP3R-3 contrôle la persistance migratoire des cellules dendritiques immatures et leur capacité à explorer l’environnement

Le succès de la réponse immunitaire repose en grande partie sur la capacité des leucocytes à se déplacer et à accomplir leur fonction au sein de structures anatomiques précises. Le fait qu’il puisse exister des mécanismes intrinsèques de coordination entre ces fonctions spécifiques et la migration de ces cellules n’a jamais été étudié auparavant. Nos travaux mettent en évidence, pour la première fois, l’existence d’un couplage entre la migration et la macropinocytose dans les cellules dendritiques qui explorent leur environnement en internalisant une grande quantité de matériel extra-cellulaire. C’est la Chaîne Invariante, protéine chaperon impliquée dans l’apprêtement des antigènes, qui est responsable de ce couplage en détournant le moteur Myosine II de l’arrière de la cellule, où elle promeut la migration, vers l’avant de la cellule. Ce recrutement transitoire de Myosin II autour des macropinosomes à l’avant favorise la macropinocytose et la délivrance de l’antigène dans les lysosomes, mais ralentit la cellule. L’implication de la Myosine II à la fois dans la migration et la capture d’antigène permet donc le couplage moléculaire entre ces deux processus et leur coordination spatio-temporelle. Cependant, les voies de signalisation impliquées dans le couplage avant/arrière dans les cellules dendritiques immatures restent encore méconnues. L’ensemble de mes travaux de thèse montrent que la libération de calcium du réticulum endoplasmique à travers les récepteurs IP3 (IP3Rs) est nécessaire pour maintenir le niveau de phosphorylation de la chaîne légère de Myosin (MLC) et la polarisation avant/arrière de Myosine II au cours de la migration des cellules dendritiques immatures. Nous montrons que les récepteurs IP3R1, 2 et 3 sont requis pour atteindre une vitesse maximale en 2- et 3-Dimension, et que le récepteur IP3R3, et dans une moindre mesure IP3R1, favorisent la persistance des cellules. En revanche, l’inhibition de l’expression du récepteur IP3R3 augmente la capacité des cellules dendritiques immatures à capturer l’antigène, ce qui est en accord avec notre résultat montrant que la capture de l'antigène est inversement reliée à la locomotion de cellules dendritiques. Nous proposons que le relargage du calcium par le réticulum endoplasmique favorise l’activité de la myosine II ce qui permet aux cellules dendritiques de ralentir de façon transitoire. Ce relargage calcique permet aux cellules dendritiques du optimiser l'internalisation des antigènes extracellulaires en maintenant leur polarité ce qui leur permet d’optimiser ainsi leur capacité d'échantillonnage de l’environnement.The immune response heavily relies on the migration capacity of leukocytes. These cells must stop in precise anatomical locations to fulfill a particular task. But whether and how specific functions are coordinated with migration by cell-intrinsic mechanisms is not known. We here show that in dendritic cells, which patrol their environment for the presence of antigens by internalizing extracellular material, macropinocytosis is coupled to cell migration. Coupling relies on the diversion of the Myosin II motor from its migratory function at the cell rear to macropinosomes at the cell front by the Invariant Chain, a cell-specific regulator of antigen presentation. Transient Myosin II recruitment at the cell front promotes antigen macropinocytosis and antigen delivery to endolysosomes but antagonizes cell migration. Thus, the requirement for Myosin II for both migration and antigen capture provides a molecular mechanism to couple these two processes and allow their coordination in time and space. However, the signaling pathways involved in back/front coupling in migrating immature DCs remain unknown. Here we show that calcium released from the endoplasmic reticulum through IP3 Receptors (IP3Rs) is required to maintain Myosin regulatory light Chain (MLC) phosphorylation and Myosin II back/front polarization during DC locomotion. We found that while IP3R1, 2 and 3 are required for immature DCs to reach maximal speed in 2-Dimensional and 3-Dimensional environments, IP3R3 and to a lesser extent IP3R1 positively regulate their persistency. On the contrary, silencing of IP3R3 increases antigen uptake by immature DCs, consistent with our finding showing that antigen capture is inversely coupled to DC locomotion (Appendix, manuscript #1). We propose that by promoting myosin II activity, calcium released from the ER help DCs to transiently slow-down to uptake extracellular antigens without losing their polarity and thereby optimizes their environment sampling capacity

Le récepteur IP3R-3 contrôle la persistance migratoire des cellules dendritiques immatures et leur capacité à explorer l environnement

Le succès de la réponse immunitaire repose en grande partie sur la capacité des leucocytes à se déplacer et à accomplir leur fonction au sein de structures anatomiques précises. Le fait qu il puisse exister des mécanismes intrinsèques de coordination entre ces fonctions spécifiques et la migration de ces cellules n a jamais été étudié auparavant. Nos travaux mettent en évidence, pour la première fois, l existence d un couplage entre la migration et la macropinocytose dans les cellules dendritiques qui explorent leur environnement en internalisant une grande quantité de matériel extra-cellulaire. C est la Chaîne Invariante, protéine chaperon impliquée dans l apprêtement des antigènes, qui est responsable de ce couplage en détournant le moteur Myosine II de l arrière de la cellule, où elle promeut la migration, vers l avant de la cellule. Ce recrutement transitoire de Myosin II autour des macropinosomes à l avant favorise la macropinocytose et la délivrance de l antigène dans les lysosomes, mais ralentit la cellule. L implication de la Myosine II à la fois dans la migration et la capture d antigène permet donc le couplage moléculaire entre ces deux processus et leur coordination spatio-temporelle. Cependant, les voies de signalisation impliquées dans le couplage avant/arrière dans les cellules dendritiques immatures restent encore méconnues. L ensemble de mes travaux de thèse montrent que la libération de calcium du réticulum endoplasmique à travers les récepteurs IP3 (IP3Rs) est nécessaire pour maintenir le niveau de phosphorylation de la chaîne légère de Myosin (MLC) et la polarisation avant/arrière de Myosine II au cours de la migration des cellules dendritiques immatures. Nous montrons que les récepteurs IP3R1, 2 et 3 sont requis pour atteindre une vitesse maximale en 2- et 3-Dimension, et que le récepteur IP3R3, et dans une moindre mesure IP3R1, favorisent la persistance des cellules. En revanche, l inhibition de l expression du récepteur IP3R3 augmente la capacité des cellules dendritiques immatures à capturer l antigène, ce qui est en accord avec notre résultat montrant que la capture de l'antigène est inversement reliée à la locomotion de cellules dendritiques. Nous proposons que le relargage du calcium par le réticulum endoplasmique favorise l activité de la myosine II ce qui permet aux cellules dendritiques de ralentir de façon transitoire. Ce relargage calcique permet aux cellules dendritiques du optimiser l'internalisation des antigènes extracellulaires en maintenant leur polarité ce qui leur permet d optimiser ainsi leur capacité d'échantillonnage de l environnement.The immune response heavily relies on the migration capacity of leukocytes. These cells must stop in precise anatomical locations to fulfill a particular task. But whether and how specific functions are coordinated with migration by cell-intrinsic mechanisms is not known. We here show that in dendritic cells, which patrol their environment for the presence of antigens by internalizing extracellular material, macropinocytosis is coupled to cell migration. Coupling relies on the diversion of the Myosin II motor from its migratory function at the cell rear to macropinosomes at the cell front by the Invariant Chain, a cell-specific regulator of antigen presentation. Transient Myosin II recruitment at the cell front promotes antigen macropinocytosis and antigen delivery to endolysosomes but antagonizes cell migration. Thus, the requirement for Myosin II for both migration and antigen capture provides a molecular mechanism to couple these two processes and allow their coordination in time and space. However, the signaling pathways involved in back/front coupling in migrating immature DCs remain unknown. Here we show that calcium released from the endoplasmic reticulum through IP3 Receptors (IP3Rs) is required to maintain Myosin regulatory light Chain (MLC) phosphorylation and Myosin II back/front polarization during DC locomotion. We found that while IP3R1, 2 and 3 are required for immature DCs to reach maximal speed in 2-Dimensional and 3-Dimensional environments, IP3R3 and to a lesser extent IP3R1 positively regulate their persistency. On the contrary, silencing of IP3R3 increases antigen uptake by immature DCs, consistent with our finding showing that antigen capture is inversely coupled to DC locomotion (Appendix, manuscript #1). We propose that by promoting myosin II activity, calcium released from the ER help DCs to transiently slow-down to uptake extracellular antigens without losing their polarity and thereby optimizes their environment sampling capacity.PARIS5-Bibliotheque electronique (751069902) / SudocSudocFranceF

Compositions and methods for delivering nucleic acids to cochlear and vestibular cells

Provided herein are materials and methods for efficiently delivering nucleic acids to cochlear and vestibular cells, and methods of treating sensory transduction disorders associated with a genetic defect