Mechanical, Electrical and Magnetic Properties of Ferrogels with Embedded Iron Oxide Nanoparticles Obtained by Laser Target Evaporation: Focus on Multifunctional Biosensor Applications

Hydrogels are biomimetic materials widely used in the area of biomedical engineering and biosensing. Ferrogels (FG) are magnetic composites capable of functioning as magnetic field sensitive transformers and field assisted drug deliverers. FG can be prepared by incorporating magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) into chemically crosslinked hydrogels. The properties of biomimetic ferrogels for multifunctional biosensor applications can be set up by synthesis. The properties of these biomimetic ferrogels can be thoroughly controlled in a physical experiment environment which is much less demanding than biotests. Two series of ferrogels (soft and dense) based on polyacrylamide (PAAm) with different chemical network densities were synthesized by free-radical polymerization in aqueous solution with N, N'-methylene-diacrylamide as a cross-linker and maghemite Fe2O3 MNPs fabricated by laser target evaporation as a filler. Their mechanical, electrical and magnetic properties were comparatively analyzed. We developed a giant magnetoimpedance (MI) sensor prototype with multilayered FeNi-based sensitive elements deposited onto glass or polymer substrates adapted for FG studies. The MI measurements in the initial state and in the presence of FG with different concentrations of MNPs at a frequency range of 1-300 MHz allowed a precise characterization of the stray fields of the MNPs present in the FG. We proposed an electrodynamic model to describe the MI in multilayered film with a FG layer based on the solution of linearized Maxwell equations for the electromagnetic fields coupled with the Landau-Lifshitz equation for the magnetization dynamics.This work was supported in part within the framework of the state task of the Ministry of Education and Science of Russia 3.6121.2017/8.9; RFBR grants 16-08-00609-a, 18-08-00178, and by the ACTIMAT ELKARTEK grant of the Basque Country Government. Selected studies were made at SGIKER Common Services of UPV-EHU and URFU Common Services. We thank I.V. Beketov, A.A. Chlenova, S.O. Volchkov, V.N. Lepalovskij, A.M. Murzakaev and A.A. Svalova for special support

ВЫБОР РАЦИОНАЛЬНОЙ ПРОЦЕДУРЫ ТРАССИРОВКИ ПО КОНСТРУКТИВНОМУ КРИТЕРИЮ

The analysis of autorouter efficiency in the known CAD systems under structural and technological constraints is carried out. The revealed significant constraints are related to the thermal strength of the wires and possible mutual influence through the electromagnetic field. When manually designing the designer guided by his own experience, can ignore these and other constraints. Unlike a person, the autorouter strictly fulfills all the specified constraints, which, given the topology of the printed circuit board, does not allow tracing to complete. On the other hand, giving greater freedom to the autorouter often makes it impossible to meet the production requirements on permissible parameters of the topological pat-tern, which is the width of the conductors and the gaps between them. The problem of tracing printed circuit boards, including multilayer ones, has become much more complicated with the introduction of integrated circuits in TSOP, MOFP and BGA type enclosures packages with fine-pitch pins, a number of which can reach several hundred. The article investigates the possibility of maximizing printed circuit board topological space with these and other types of enclosures. The necessity of introducing a buffer zone around the component to improve the routing efficiency is explained. It is shown, however, that the avail-ability of a buffer zone does not eliminate the appearance of vias in it, the number of which depends on the routing type. On the basis of the proposed criterion for the autorouter performance, i.e. the ratio of the total wire length to the number of vias, the efficiency of using the topological space of a printed circuit board by three autorouters is analyzed.The presented experimental results of competing routing systems TopoR and Specctra confirmed the possibility to enlarge the pattern area of the printed circuit board for its further use.Проведен анализ эффективности автотрассировщиков известных систем автоматизированного проектирования (САПР) топологии печатных плат (ПП) в условиях наложенных конструктивнотехнологических ограничений. Выявленные существенные ограничения связаны с тепловой прочностью проводников и возможными взаимными влияниями через электромагнитное поле. При ручном проектировании конструктор, руководствуясь собственным опытом, может проигнорировать эти и другие ограничения. В отличие от человека, автотрассировщик строго выполняет все заданные ограничения, что при заданном топологическом пространстве ПП не позволяет выполнить трассировку полностью. С другой стороны, давая большую свободу автотрассировщику, часто невозможно удовлетворить требования производства по допустимым параметрам топологического рисунка – ширине проводников и зазоров между ними. Проблема трассировки ПП, в том числе и многослойных, значительно усложнилась с появлением интегральных микросхем в корпусах типа TSOP, MOFP и BGA c числом выводов до нескольких сотен, расположенных с очень малым шагом. В статье исследована возможность максимального использования топологического пространства ПП с этими и другими типами корпусов. Обоснована необходимость введения буферной зоны вокруг компонента для повышения эффективности процедуры автотрассировки. Показано, однако, что наличие буферной зоны не избавляет от появления в ней некоторого числа межслойных переходов, зависящего от вида трассировки. На основании предложенного критерия качества работы автотрассировщика – отношения суммарной длины проводников к числу межслойных переходов – проанализирована эффективность использования топологического пространства ПП тремя автотрассировщиками. Представленные экспериментальные результаты исследования конкурирующих вариантов трассировки САПР ПП TopoR и Specctra подтвердили возможность увеличения добавленной площади топологического рисунка печатной платы для возможного дальнейшего ее использования

Validity of ejection fraction as a measure of myocardial functional state: impact of asynchrony

Aims The goal of this study was to test whether peculiarities of left ventricular (LV) regional function place limits on the validity of ejection fraction (EF) as a measure of the myocardial functional state. Methods and results Transthoracic and transoesophageal data from patients with a variety of cardiac conditions were used for analysis of LV regional function. The focus was on the effects of mechanical asynchrony. Ejection fraction was calculated on the basis of LV end-diastolic volume and end-systolic volume obtained by two different ways: (i) end-systolic volume as a whole; and (ii) the sum of all regional end-systolic volumes (which may occur at different times). The relative difference, D-EF, between EFs obtained by (i) and (ii) was taken as the ‘merit ’ of EF. A value of zero is the highest merit. Irrespective of the examination method, we found that D-EF was always higher than zero, and that its value depended on the extent of mechanical asynchrony. Conclusions Ejection fraction is not the arithmetic average of regional EFs. An increase of asynchrony increases D-EF, i.e. it reduces the merit of EF as a measure of cardiac function

Ekstremaľnye izmeneniya temperatury i solenosti vody arkticheskogo poverkhnostnogo sloya v 2007-2009 gg. (The extreme changes of temperature and salinity in the Arctic Ocean surface layer in 2007-2009, in Russian)

This paper examines the temperature and salinity patterns and evolution in the surface layer of the Arctic Ocean in 2007-2009 and deals with the factors impacting the extreme changes both in temperature and salinity in 2007. The large areas of positive and negative anomalies in temperature and salinity have been formed over the Arctic Ocean with the apparant frontal barrier areea between Eurasian and American basins. The followed years (2008-2009) exhibit the reducing of thermohaline anomalies between the two basins assuming gradually rcovering to the initial state. Considering the mean salinities within 5-50 m depth one can claim that the positive linear trend is evident both in Eurasian and American basinss since 1950 to 1993 while the intensive freshening was obsserved in American basin in 2007-2009. We intend that these changes in salinity can be assumed as the signature of non-stationary nature of all Arctic marine environments

Real-time Monitoring for the Next Core-Collapse Supernova in JUNO

Core-collapse supernova (CCSN) is one of the most energetic astrophysical events in the Universe. The early and prompt detection of neutrinos before (pre-SN) and during the SN burst is a unique opportunity to realize the multi-messenger observation of the CCSN events. In this work, we describe the monitoring concept and present the sensitivity of the system to the pre-SN and SN neutrinos at the Jiangmen Underground Neutrino Observatory (JUNO), which is a 20 kton liquid scintillator detector under construction in South China. The real-time monitoring system is designed with both the prompt monitors on the electronic board and online monitors at the data acquisition stage, in order to ensure both the alert speed and alert coverage of progenitor stars. By assuming a false alert rate of 1 per year, this monitoring system can be sensitive to the pre-SN neutrinos up to the distance of about 1.6 (0.9) kpc and SN neutrinos up to about 370 (360) kpc for a progenitor mass of 30$M_{\odot}$ for the case of normal (inverted) mass ordering. The pointing ability of the CCSN is evaluated by using the accumulated event anisotropy of the inverse beta decay interactions from pre-SN or SN neutrinos, which, along with the early alert, can play important roles for the followup multi-messenger observations of the next Galactic or nearby extragalactic CCSN.Comment: 24 pages, 9 figure

Detection of the Diffuse Supernova Neutrino Background with JUNO

As an underground multi-purpose neutrino detector with 20 kton liquid scintillator, Jiangmen Underground Neutrino Observatory (JUNO) is competitive with and complementary to the water-Cherenkov detectors on the search for the diffuse supernova neutrino background (DSNB). Typical supernova models predict 2-4 events per year within the optimal observation window in the JUNO detector. The dominant background is from the neutral-current (NC) interaction of atmospheric neutrinos with 12C nuclei, which surpasses the DSNB by more than one order of magnitude. We evaluated the systematic uncertainty of NC background from the spread of a variety of data-driven models and further developed a method to determine NC background within 15\% with {\it{in}} {\it{situ}} measurements after ten years of running. Besides, the NC-like backgrounds can be effectively suppressed by the intrinsic pulse-shape discrimination (PSD) capabilities of liquid scintillators. In this talk, I will present in detail the improvements on NC background uncertainty evaluation, PSD discriminator development, and finally, the potential of DSNB sensitivity in JUNO

Potential of Core-Collapse Supernova Neutrino Detection at JUNO

JUNO is an underground neutrino observatory under construction in Jiangmen, China. It uses 20kton liquid scintillator as target, which enables it to detect supernova burst neutrinos of a large statistics for the next galactic core-collapse supernova (CCSN) and also pre-supernova neutrinos from the nearby CCSN progenitors. All flavors of supernova burst neutrinos can be detected by JUNO via several interaction channels, including inverse beta decay, elastic scattering on electron and proton, interactions on C12 nuclei, etc. This retains the possibility for JUNO to reconstruct the energy spectra of supernova burst neutrinos of all flavors. The real time monitoring systems based on FPGA and DAQ are under development in JUNO, which allow prompt alert and trigger-less data acquisition of CCSN events. The alert performances of both monitoring systems have been thoroughly studied using simulations. Moreover, once a CCSN is tagged, the system can give fast characterizations, such as directionality and light curve

Reducing the environmental impact of surgery on a global scale: systematic review and co-prioritization with healthcare workers in 132 countries

Abstract Background Healthcare cannot achieve net-zero carbon without addressing operating theatres. The aim of this study was to prioritize feasible interventions to reduce the environmental impact of operating theatres. Methods This study adopted a four-phase Delphi consensus co-prioritization methodology. In phase 1, a systematic review of published interventions and global consultation of perioperative healthcare professionals were used to longlist interventions. In phase 2, iterative thematic analysis consolidated comparable interventions into a shortlist. In phase 3, the shortlist was co-prioritized based on patient and clinician views on acceptability, feasibility, and safety. In phase 4, ranked lists of interventions were presented by their relevance to high-income countries and low–middle-income countries. Results In phase 1, 43 interventions were identified, which had low uptake in practice according to 3042 professionals globally. In phase 2, a shortlist of 15 intervention domains was generated. In phase 3, interventions were deemed acceptable for more than 90 per cent of patients except for reducing general anaesthesia (84 per cent) and re-sterilization of ‘single-use’ consumables (86 per cent). In phase 4, the top three shortlisted interventions for high-income countries were: introducing recycling; reducing use of anaesthetic gases; and appropriate clinical waste processing. In phase 4, the top three shortlisted interventions for low–middle-income countries were: introducing reusable surgical devices; reducing use of consumables; and reducing the use of general anaesthesia. Conclusion This is a step toward environmentally sustainable operating environments with actionable interventions applicable to both high– and low–middle–income countries