Desarrollo y evaluación de la inteligencia naturalista del niño en Educación Infantil según el modelo de Gardner

EL objetivo de este trabajo de fin de Grado es hacer una aproximación acerca de las inteligencias múltiples (IM) de Howard Gardner, enfocándonos en la Inteligencia naturalista. Para conseguir este objetivo, tuvimos que profundizar sobre la historia y evolución de la inteligencia, conociendo a los autores más importantes que postularon diversas teorías. Además, hemos ejecutado a la realización de un instrumento de evaluación que, en su utilización en el aula de Educación Infantil, que nos admitirá saber si las Inteligencias Múltiples se pueden evaluar o no. Así, comenzamos con la definición de la inteligencia y su evolución a través de la historia. A continuación, estudiaremos cada una de las ocho inteligencias nombradas por Gardner. Y por último centramos en la inteligencia naturalista.Grado en Educación Primari

A tensor formalism for multilayer network centrality measures using the Einstein product

Complex systems that consist of different kinds of entities that interact in different ways can be modeled by multilayer networks. This paper uses the tensor formalism with the Einstein tensor product to model this type of networks. Several centrality measures, that are well known for single-layer networks, are extended to multilayer networks using tensors and their properties are investigated. In particular, subgraph centrality based on the exponential and resolvent of a tensor are considered. Krylov subspace methods are introduced for computing approximations of different measures for large multilayer networks.Comment: 28 pages, 4 figure

Perron communicability and sensitivity of multilayer networks

Modeling complex systems that consist of different types of objects leads to multilayer networks, where nodes in the different layers represent different kind of objects. Nodes are connected by edges, which have positive weights. A multilayer network is associated with a supra-adjacency matrix. This paper investigates the sensitivity of the communicability in a multilayer network to perturbations of the network by studying the sensitivity of the Perron root of the supra-adjacency matrix. Our analysis sheds light on which edge weights to make larger to increase the communicability of the network, and which edge weights can be made smaller or set to zero without affecting the communicability significantly.Comment: 20 pages, 1 figure, 7 table

Recent Development of Hybrid Renewable Energy Systems

Abstract: The use of renewable energies continues to increase. However, the energy obtained from renewable resources is variable over time. The amount of energy produced from the renewable energy sources (RES) over time depends on the meteorological conditions of the region chosen, the season, the relief, etc. So, variable power and nonguaranteed energy produced by renewable sources implies intermittence of the grid. The key lies in supply sources integrated to a hybrid system (HS)

Mixed Immunotherapy and Chemotherapy of Tumors: Optimal Control Approach

Abstract The aim of this work is to apply optimal control theory to certain cancer treatment strategies which based on combination of multiple cancer therapies, in the form of a system of ordinary differential equations (ODEs), governing cancer growth on cell population level with more than one of therapy, in order to determine the best mix of treatments that minimizes both tumor mass and negative effects upon the health of the patient. Numerical simulations of mixed chemotherapy and immunotherapy shows that neither chemotherapy nor immunotherapy alone are effective in treating the cancer, but in combination the therapies are able to eliminate the entire tumor

Protective Effect of Chemically Characterized Polyphenol-Rich Fraction from Apteranthes europaea (Guss.) Murb. subsp. maroccana (Hook.f.) Plowes on Carbon Tetrachloride-Induced Liver Injury in Mice

Apteranthes europaea (Guss.) Murb. subsp. maroccana (Hook.f.) Plowes (A. europaea) is a medicinal plant widely used in traditional medicines to treat various diseases including hepatic pathogenesis. This study was conducted to evaluate the protective effect of chemically characterized polyphenol-rich fraction from A. europaea on carbon tetrachloride-induced liver injury in mice. The chemical characterization of A. europaea polyphenol-rich fraction was carried out using HPLC-DAD (high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with a diode-array detector (DAD)). Carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) was used to induce liver injuries in mice as described in previous works. A polyphenol-rich fraction from A. europaea was used at a dose of 50 mg/Kg to study its hepatoprotective effect. Next, histopathological and biochemical alterations were investigated. The HPLC analysis revealed the presence of several phenolic compounds: gallic acid, methyl gallate, rutin, ferulic acid, and resorcinol. Regarding the mice treated with a polyphenol-rich fraction from A. europaea up to 50 mg/Kg and carbon tetrachloride, no significant biochemical nor histological alterations occurred in their liver; meanwhile, serious biochemical and histopathological changes were noted for liver recovered from the mice treated with carbon tetrachloride only. In conclusion, A. europaea extract is a promising source of hepatoprotective agents against toxic liver injury

Antimicrobial and antiradical properties of Hammada scoparia (Pomel) Iljin

Background: Hammada scoparia (Pomel) Iljin (HS), is commonly used by traditional healers in Morocco against microbial and fungal infections. We studied antimicrobial, antifungal and antiradical effects of organic extracts in vitro in order to confirm traditional utilization after phytochemical screening.Materials and methods: Aerial parts of HS have been extracted by hydro-distillation using Clevenger-type apparatus, and the chemical composition was realized by Gas Chromatography coupled with Mass Spectroscopy (GC/MS). The antioxidant activity has been evaluated using DPPH test, while the antimicrobial tests of HS extract were conducted on twenty-eight bacterial strains and antifungal on twelve fungal strains.Results: Chemical characterization of HS essential oils (EO) confirmed the presence of carvacrol (82,28%), p-cymene (2,52%), γ- terpinene (2,18%) and Z-caryophyllene (2,04%). Antimicrobial tests of HS extract showed a moderate antibacterial activity without antifungal effect. In addition, HS exhibited a very powerful antiradical activity with IC50 = 1,2 mg/ml compared to that of ascorbic acid (IC50 = 0,5 mg/mL) and butylated  hydroxyanisole (0,8 mg/mL).Conclusion: To our knowledge, this is the first demonstration that HS directly inhibits the growth of microorganisms in vitro, and further validates its traditional use as an antiseptic by traditional Moroccan healers. Keywords: polyphenolics, Hammada scoparia, antimicrobial, antifungal, antioxidant

Lipids Fraction from Caralluma europaea (Guss.): MicroTOF and HPLC Analyses and Exploration of Its Antioxidant, Cytotoxic, Anti-Inflammatory, and Wound Healing Effects

Caralluma europaea is a medicinal plant used in Morocco to cure a variety of illnesses. This study was conducted to determine the chemical composition, the antioxidant, antiproliferative, anti-inflammatory, and wound healing activities of C. europaea lipids. The chemical composition of C. europaea was analyzed using time-of-flight mass spectrometry and high-performance liquid chromatography. The antioxidant potential was determined using the 2,2-di-phenyl-1-picryl hydrazyl (DPPH), and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) tests. The antiproliferative effect was evaluated by MTT assay against HL60, K562, Huh-7 cancer cells, and normal Vero cells. The anti-inflammatory potential was conducted against carrageenan-induced paw edema. The wound healing effect was evaluated against skin burns for 21 days. The identified phytochemical compounds were docked for their effect on nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase, caspase-3, lipoxygenase, glycogen synthase kinase-3-β, and protein casein kinase-1. The results showed the presence of some lipids, such as linoleic acid and vitamin D3. The DPPH (IC50 = 0.018 mg/mL) and FRAP (EC50 = 0.084 mg/mL) of C. europaea lipids showed an important antioxidant effect. For the anti-inflammatory test, an inhibition of 83.50% was recorded after 6 h of treatment. Our extract showed the greatest wound retraction on the 21st day (98.20%). C. europaea lipids showed a remarkable antitumoral effect against the K562 cell line (IC50 = 37.30 µg/mL), with no effect on Vero cells (IC50 > 100 µg/mL). Lignoceric acid was the most active molecule against caspase-3 (−6.453 kcal/mol). The findings indicate the growing evidence of C. europaea as a potential treatment for several diseases

Shifting the limits in wheat research and breeding using a fully annotated reference genome

Introduction: Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is the most widely cultivated crop on Earth, contributing about a fifth of the total calories consumed by humans. Consequently, wheat yields and production affect the global economy, and failed harvests can lead to social unrest. Breeders continuously strive to develop improved varieties by fine-tuning genetically complex yield and end-use quality parameters while maintaining stable yields and adapting the crop to regionally specific biotic and abiotic stresses. Rationale: Breeding efforts are limited by insufficient knowledge and understanding of wheat biology and the molecular basis of central agronomic traits. To meet the demands of human population growth, there is an urgent need for wheat research and breeding to accelerate genetic gain as well as to increase and protect wheat yield and quality traits. In other plant and animal species, access to a fully annotated and ordered genome sequence, including regulatory sequences and genome-diversity information, has promoted the development of systematic and more time-efficient approaches for the selection and understanding of important traits. Wheat has lagged behind, primarily owing to the challenges of assembling a genome that is more than five times as large as the human genome, polyploid, and complex, containing more than 85% repetitive DNA. To provide a foundation for improvement through molecular breeding, in 2005, the International Wheat Genome Sequencing Consortium set out to deliver a high-quality annotated reference genome sequence of bread wheat. Results: An annotated reference sequence representing the hexaploid bread wheat genome in the form of 21 chromosome-like sequence assemblies has now been delivered, giving access to 107,891 high-confidence genes, including their genomic context of regulatory sequences. This assembly enabled the discovery of tissue- and developmental stage–related gene coexpression networks using a transcriptome atlas representing all stages of wheat development. The dynamics of change in complex gene families involved in environmental adaptation and end-use quality were revealed at subgenome resolution and contextualized to known agronomic single-gene or quantitative trait loci. Aspects of the future value of the annotated assembly for molecular breeding and research were exemplarily illustrated by resolving the genetic basis of a quantitative trait locus conferring resistance to abiotic stress and insect damage as well as by serving as the basis for genome editing of the flowering-time trait. Conclusion: This annotated reference sequence of wheat is a resource that can now drive disruptive innovation in wheat improvement, as this community resource establishes the foundation for accelerating wheat research and application through improved understanding of wheat biology and genomics-assisted breeding. Importantly, the bioinformatics capacity developed for model-organism genomes will facilitate a better understanding of the wheat genome as a result of the high-quality chromosome-based genome assembly. By necessity, breeders work with the genome at the whole chromosome level, as each new cross involves the modification of genome-wide gene networks that control the expression of complex traits such as yield. With the annotated and ordered reference genome sequence in place, researchers and breeders can now easily access sequence-level information to precisely define the necessary changes in the genomes for breeding programs. This will be realized through the implementation of new DNA marker platforms and targeted breeding technologies, including genome editing

Caractérisation de la reprogrammation de l'expression des gènes chez les blés allopyloïdes

Polyploidy is a major evolutionary force, especially in angiosperms, all of which species have undergone recurrent polyploidization events during their evolution.In order to understand reprogramming of gene expression in response to polyploidy in the economically important wheat species (genera Triticum and Aegilops), I used an original model that consists in decreasing and reincreasing ploidy levels. Thus, the allotetraploid T. turgidum (BBAA) is extracted from the allohexaploid bread wheat T. aestivum (BBAADD), consisting in decreasing ploidy level. This extracted allotetraploid is crossed with the diploid species Ae. tauschii (DD) to synthesize an allohexaploid wheat, consisting in re-increasing ploidy level.The characterization of reprogramming of gene expression in response to decreasing and re-increasing ploidy levels was done here using first microarray technologies and then massive parallel mRNA sequencing (RNA-Seq), that has been rendered possible by the recent ‘draft' hexaploid wheat genome sequencing and subsequently the availability of the three homoeologs sequences (Ah, Bh, Dh) of 8605 genes. Adequate bioinformatics and statistics methods have been adopted and/or developed and used.My work reveals a partitioning of global expression of genes into that of their constituent homoeologs in different wheats allopolyploids. Most of homoeologs contribute equally to the overall gene expression and a low proportion reveals a bias towards one homoeolog, without showing a global dominance of a specific sub-genome. The partitioning and concerted expression of homoeologs is also established in wheat. Most homoeologs increase their expression when separated and reduce their expression levels when joined together in a higher ploidy level. For most genes, Ah and Bh homoeolog expression in allohexaploid wheat is equal to 2/3 of their expression level in the extracted allotetraploid wheat whereas the Dh homoeolog expression level is equal to 1/3 of that in the wheat diploid genome. This concerted change in homoeolog expression maintains the global gene expression at nearly similar levels in different ploidy levels.Results obtained in this work contribute to our understanding of global gene expression regulation and its partitioning between constituent homoeologs at different ploidy levels. Functional analysis of the different gene expression categories would reveal important gene functional categories that are regulated in response to polyploidy.La polyploïdie ou la duplication des génomes est une force majeure dans l'évolution et l'adaptation des espèces, notamment des angiospermes qui ont tous eu des évènements de polyploïdisation réccurrents au cours de leur évolution. Afin de comprendre la reprogrammation de l'expression des gènes en réponse à la polyploïdie chez les espèces économiquement importantes du blé (genres Triticum et Aegilops), j'ai utilisé un modèle original, qui consiste à caractériser les réponses à la diminution puis la ré-augmentation du niveau de ploïdie. Ainsi, le blé allotétraploïde (T. turgidum, BBAA) est extrait à partir du blé naturel allohexaploïde (T. aestivum, BBAADD). Ce blé allotétraploïde extrait est hybridé à son tour à l'espèce diploïde Ae. tauschii (DD) pour synthétiser un blé allohexaploïde.J'ai utilisé des méthodes d'analyse de l'expression des gènes basées sur les microarrays ainsi que le séquençage massif des ARN (RNA-Seq), basé sur les outils de nouvelles générations de séquençage (NGS) et rendu possible par la récente mise à disposition des séquences de trois copies homéologues (Ah, Bh, Dh) de 8605 gènes. Les méthodes bioinformatiques et statistiques appropriées ont été développées et/ou utilisées.Mes travaux révèlent un partitionnement de l'expression des gènes en celles des homéologues qui les composent dans les différents allopolyploïdes étudiés. La majorité des homéologues contribuent à l'expression globale des gènes de manière équivalente (1/3 chacun), d'autres présentent un biais d'expression spécifique vers un des homéologues, sans montrer de dominance d'un des sous-génomes. Une concertation dans le partitionnement et le niveau d'expression des homéologues est bien établie dans le blé: la majorité des homéologues augmentent leur expression lorsqu'ils sont séparés et la diminuent lorsqu'ils sont rassemblés dans un niveau de ploïdie supérieur. Ainsi, dans le blé allohexaploïde, pour la majorité des gènes, l'expression des homéologues Ah et Bh est égale au 2/3 de leur niveau d'expression dans le blé allotétraploïde extrait, et l'expression de l'homéoallèle Dh est égale au 1/3 du niveau d'expression dans le blé diploïde donneur du génome D. Cette concertation de l'expression des homéologues maintiendrait l'expression globale des gènes à des niveaux similaires dans les différentes espèces de blé de différents niveaux de ploïdie.Les résultats obtenus contribuent à la compréhension de la régulation de l'expression des gènes dans les polyploïdes du blé et la contribution des homéologues qui les composent. Les analyses futures des fonctions des différentes catégories d'expression des gènes permettraient d'identifier des fonctions particulières régulées en réponse à la polyploïdie