Computergestützte Auswertung der Positronenemissionstomographie (PET) des menschlichen Gehirns zur Frühdiagnostik der Demenz vom Alzheimer-Typ (DAT)

Für diese Arbeit wurden anhand zweier relativ kleiner Kollektive von 35 DAT-Patienten und 12 gesunden Non-DAT-Kontrollpersonen (Rechtshänder) 18F-FDG-PET-Bilddatensätze des Gehirns angefertigt und standardisiert mit dem halbautomatischen Regionalisierungsverfahren RegWindow hinsichtlich der Stoffwechselraten in interessierenden Hirnregionen nach HERHOLZ et al. (1990) in der Überarbeitung nach HALBER et al. (1995) für das PC-Programm RegWindow analysiert und ausgewertet. Für die Non-DAT-Kontrollgruppe läßt sich ein signifikanter Zusammenhang zwischen den mit RegWindow und Metabolischer Index ermittelten Metabolic Ratios bestätigen. Die Metabolic Ratios stimmen bezüglich den Literaturangaben der beiden Referenzstudien nach HALBER (1995) und HERHOLZ et al. (1990) sehr gut überein. Mit der Non-DAT-Kontrollgruppe ist auf einem Signifikanzniveau von P=0,95 eine direkte Proportionalität zwischen dem Alter und dem daraus resultierend erniedrigten Metabolic Ratios abzuleiten. Jeweils zehn Lebensjahre führen zu einer Minderung des Metabolic Ratios um 2 Prozent. Für das in dieser Arbeit untersuchte DAT-Gesamtkollektiv wird eine lineare Abhängigkeit des Metabolic Ratios vom MMST-Score des psychometrischen Tests mit hoher Signifikanz nachgewiesen. Die Abhängigkeit liefert eine eindeutige 1:1 Korrelation: Eine Minderung des Score-Wertes um eins hat im Mittel eine Minderung des Metabolischen Ratios um 1 Prozent zur Folge und umgekehrt. Aus den Ergebnissen dieser Arbeit läßt sich ein Cut-off-Wert von 1,075 zur Trennung des Non-DAT- vom DAT-Kollektiv berechnen. Dieser ermöglicht eine vollständige Trennung beider Kollektive bei einer Sensitivität und Spezifität von 100 Prozent. Die Ergebnisse der Stoffwechselratenanalyse bestätigen eine signifikante Stoffwechselratenminderung in drei von den vier nach HALBER (1995) und HERHOLZ et al. (1990) typischerweise betroffenen (affected) Hirnregionen. In der Reihenfolge vom höchsten zum niedrigeren Einfluß der DAT auf die Stoffwechselminderungen ergibt sich die Rangfolge Gyrus angularis, gefolgt von Gyrus temporalis inferior, Gyrus supramarginalis und Gyrus temporalis medius. Als typischerweise nicht betroffene (non-affected) Regionen konnten die Gyri praecentralis und postcentralis sowie Cuneus bestätigt werden. Als eindeutig non-affected kann zusätzlich der Thalamus klassifiziert werden. Für einige nicht klassifizierte Hirnregionen werden ebenfalls signifikante Stoffwechselratenminderungen nachgewiesen, deren Aufnahme als typischerweise betroffene Hirnareale in den Algorithmus für RegWindow zur Berechnung des Metabolic Ratios vorgeschlagen wird. Diese lauten: Lobulus parietalis inferior, Praecuneus, Hippocampus, Lobulus parietalis superior und Gyrus frontalis superior. Internationale Arbeitsgruppen (siehe Kapitel 4.4.1) konnten für diese Hirnregionen im PET Stoffwechselratenminderungen bestätigen sowie in anderen bildgebenden Diagnoseverfahren Atrophien und Perfusionsdefizite ebenfalls nachweisen. Für die Gyri angularis, temporalis inferior und medius, supramarginalis und den Lobulus parietalis inferior konnte ein unilateraler Befall mit Stoffwechselratenminderung im Anfangsstadium der DAT nachgewiesen werden

Online Students’ Expectations Differ: The advantage of assessing students’ expectations in online education

[EN] Students’ feedback on online education has become of major importance for many higher education institutions. While researchers already identified students’ success factors and analyzed students’ satisfaction in online study programs and courses, the role of expectations in students’ online educational experience has been very often neglected in previous research. Our study adds here as it captures students’ expectations at the beginning of an online study program, highlighting the differences to traditional on-campus students. Our results reveal that expectations of on-line students differ from the expectations of on-campus students and must therefore not be confused. Furthermore, the assessment of student expectations is not only a way to consider and satisfy students’ needs in order to improve online programs or courses, but also a means to track the institutions own performance.Keywords: Online Education; Student Experience; Expectations, Retention, Higher Education ManagementWieser, D.; Seeler, J.; Sixl-Daniell, K.; Zehrer, A. (2017). Online Students’ Expectations Differ: The advantage of assessing students’ expectations in online education. En Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Higher Education Advances. Editorial Universitat Politècnica de València. 1113-1120. https://doi.org/10.4995/HEAD17.2017.55251113112

Enhanced superconductivity of YBCO interfaces: origin of high critical temperature in layered superconductors

Superconducting transition temperatures Tc of the YBCO film surface and of the YBCO film/substrate interface were measured inductively. It was observed that the interface- Tc is always higher then the surface - Tc. However deposition of silver over-layer enhances the superconducting transition temperatures. This observation was confirmed by four-point resistance measurements. In the annealed YBCO/Ag bilayers magnetic properties of the interface were observed. We believe that such phenomena are a common feature of layered systems. This two dimensional structure reminds the layered microstructure of the high-temperature superconductors and one can suppose that covering of the superconducting layer by non-superconducting layer is a condition for obtaining high critical temperatures in general.Comment: 13 pages, 9 figures, submited to Natur

The low-lying excitations of polydiacetylene

The Pariser-Parr-Pople Hamiltonian is used to calculate and identify the nature of the low-lying vertical transition energies of polydiacetylene. The model is solved using the density matrix renormalisation group method for a fixed acetylenic geometry for chains of up to 102 atoms. The non-linear optical properties of polydiacetylene are considered, which are determined by the third-order susceptibility. The experimental 1Bu data of Giesa and Schultz are used as the geometric model for the calculation. For short chains, the calculated E(1Bu) agrees with the experimental value, within solvation effects (ca. 0.3 eV). The charge gap is used to characterise bound and unbound states. The nBu is above the charge gap and hence a continuum state; the 1Bu, 2Ag and mAg are not and hence are bound excitons. For large chain lengths, the nBu tends towards the charge gap as expected, strongly suggesting that the nBu is the conduction band edge. The conduction band edge for PDA is agreed in the literature to be ca. 3.0 eV. Accounting for the strong polarisation effects of the medium and polaron formation gives our calculated E(nBu) ca. 3.6 eV, with an exciton binding energy of ca. 1.0 eV. The 2Ag state is found to be above the 1Bu, which does not agree with relaxed transition experimental data. However, this could be resolved by including explicit lattice relaxation in the Pariser- Parr-Pople-Peierls model. Particle-hole separation data further suggest that the 1Bu, 2Ag and mAg are bound excitons, and that the nBu is an unbound exciton.Comment: LaTeX, 23 pages, 4 postscript tables and 8 postscript figure

Mesoscopic modelling of conducting and semiconducting polymers

We present generalized Monte Carlo calculations to assess the effects of texture and related key factors on the properties of polymer-based light emitting diodes. We, describe one class of mesoscopic model giving specific realizations of the polymer network. The model, with simple physically based rules, shows the effects of polymer structural order on current flow, trapping and radiative and non-radiative charge recombination within the polymer layer. Interactions between charges are included explicitly, as are image interactions with the electrodes. It is important that these Coulomb interactions are not simplified to an averaged space charge, since the local interactions can lead to effective trapping of charge, even in the absence of defective chains or impurity trapping. There proves to be an important role for trapping, in which charges are localized for times long compared with transit times. The competition between current flow, trapping and radiative and non-radiative charge recombination means that some of the trends are not intuitively obvious. For example, if radiative recombination occurs only on short polymer chains, as is the case for certain polymer systems, the internal efficiency appears to saturate for a concentration of these shorter luminescent chains of about 20-30%. As the proportion of shorter chains increases, trapping increases, whereas current efficiency decreases. Our approach provides a natural link between atomistic models of individual polymer molecules and the macroscopic descriptions of device modelling. Such mesoscopic models provide a means to design better film structures, and hence to optimize the effectiveness of new organic materials in a range of applications

Cat or Dog Ownership and Seroprevalence of Ehrlichiosis, Q Fever, and Cat-Scratch Disease

Concerns have been raised about the role of domestic cats or dogs in the acquisition of zoonoses, in particular in pregnant women or immune-suppressed persons. We report that cat or dog ownership is not associated with an increased seroprevalence of antibodies to Anaplasma phagozytophilum, Coxiella burnetii, and Bartonella henselae in symptom-free persons in Styria, Austria

Hedgehog Zoonoses

Pet hedgehogs pose a zoonotic risk to owners

Photoinduced absorption and photoluminescence in poly(2,5-dimethoxy-p- phenylene vinylene)

We report a study of the photoexcited states in the conjugated polymer poly(2,5-dimethoxy-p-phenylene vinylene). Photoluminescence due to radiative recombination of singlet excitons is observed at energiesjust below the onset of the pi-pi* absorption band at 2.1 eV. Photoinduced absorption at 80 K shows bands peaking at 0.68, 1.35, and 1.80 eV. The features at 0.68 and 1.8 eV are associated with the same excited state which we propose is a doubly charged bipolaron, while the third at 1.35 eV is unrelated. We assign this 1.35-eV absorption to a triplet-triplet transition of a triplet exciton. The bipolarons are long lived with significant numbers surviving in excess of 100 ms at 80 K, and have a weak temperature dependence such that photoinduced absorption is readily detectable even at room temperature. The triplet exciton has a lifetime of order 2.5 ms at 80 K but this falls rapidly at higher temperature and the response is not detected at room temperature. We contrast these results with those obtained previously for the related poly(arylene vinylene) polymers poly(p-phenylene vinylene), and poly(2,5-thienylene vinylene) and for other conjugated polymers, and draw attention to the important role played in the photophysics of these materials by neutral excited states

Investigating the action of the microalgal pigment marennine on Vibrio splendidus by in vivo 2H and 31P solid-state NMR

This work investigates the potential probiotic effect of marennine - a natural pigment produced by the diatom Haslea ostrearia - on Vibrio splendidus. These marine bacteria are often considered a threat for aquaculture; therefore, chemical antibiotics can be required to reduce bacterial outbreaks. In vivo 2H solid-state NMR was used to probe the effects of marennine on the bacterial membrane in the exponential and stationary phases. Comparisons were made with polymyxin B (PxB) - an antibiotic used in aquaculture and known to interact with Gram(−) bacteria membranes. We also investigated the effect of marennine using 31P solid-state NMR on model membranes. Our results show that marennine has little effect on phospholipid headgroups dynamics, but reduces the acyl chain fluidity. Our data suggest that the two antimicrobial agents perturb V. splendidus membranes through different mechanisms. While PxB would alter the bacterial outer and inner membranes, marennine would act through a membrane stiffening mechanism, without affecting the bilayer integrity. Our study proposes this microalgal pigment, which is harmless for humans, as a potential treatment against vibriosis. -- Keywords : Antimicrobial pigment ; Polymyxin B ; Membrane fluidity ; Model membranes ; 31P and 2H NMR ; In-cell NMR